Gorbachev Slams Russian PM On Democracy

 　　Former Soviet¹ leader Mikhail Gorbachev has accused Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of undermining democracy in Russia.

　　Gorbachev spoke² to the BBC in an interview Thursday, on the eve of the 20th anniversary of a failed coup³ aimed at removing him from power.  The coup attempt on August 19, 1991, and the events that followed led to the collapse⁴ of the Soviet Union.

　　The former Soviet leader said  Putin's efforts to build stability have resulted in stagnation⁵.  He said that while the former Soviet electoral system was nothing remarkable⁶,  Putin's team, in his words, literally⁷ castrated it.

　　As president, Putin reformed the electoral system to allow Russians to vote only for political parties rather than specific candidates in parliamentary elections.  He also ended the popular election of governors and independent lawmakers.

　　Gorbachev acknowledged that the Putin years have seen some successes, but said Russia now needs direct elections and new leadership.

　　Earlier this week,  Gorbachev told The Guardian⁸ that Russian President Dmitry Medvedev is being outmaneuvered and outsmarted by Putin, who is now prime minister.  He said Medvedev's attempts to modernize⁹ Russia are blocked by his powerful prime minister.

　　Gorbachev turned 80 in March.  He received the Nobel peace Prize in 1990, and is widely recognized for helping¹⁰ end decades-long East-West confrontation¹¹.

　　The August coup of 1991 was defeated within 60 hours by pro-democracy crowds in Moscow that faced down tanks.  Officials across the communist country abandoned the Soviet bureaucracy and pledged their loyalty¹² to the newly elected Russian administration of Boris Yeltsin.

　　The huge multinational¹³ state soon fell apart as the constituent¹⁴ republics one after another demanded independence.

　　Gorbachev resigned on Christmas Day 1991, and the red hammer-and-sickle Soviet flag was pulled down from the Kremlin.

　　Although Gorbachev initially¹⁵ welcomed Putin, he has grown increasingly critical of Putin over the years.

1 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

2 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

3 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

4 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

5 stagnation   

n. 停滞

参考例句：

• Poor economic policies led to a long period of stagnation and decline. 糟糕的经济政策道致了长时间的经济萧条和下滑。
• Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. 运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。

6 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

7 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

8 guardian   

n.监护人；守卫者，保护者

参考例句：

• The form must be signed by the child's parents or guardian. 这张表格须由孩子的家长或监护人签字。
• The press is a guardian of the public weal. 报刊是公共福利的卫护者。

9 modernize   

vt.使现代化，使适应现代的需要

参考例句：

• It was their manifest failure to modernize the country's industries.他们使国家进行工业现代化，明显失败了。
• There is a pressing need to modernise our electoral system.我们的选举制度迫切需要现代化。

10 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

11 confrontation   

n.对抗，对峙，冲突

参考例句：

• We can't risk another confrontation with the union.我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。
• After years of confrontation,they finally have achieved a modus vivendi.在对抗很长时间后，他们最后达成安宁生存的非正式协议。

12 loyalty   

n.忠诚，忠心

参考例句：

• She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.她告诉他真相是出于忠诚。
• His loyalty to his friends was never in doubt.他对朋友的一片忠心从来没受到怀疑。

13 multinational   

adj.多国的，多种国籍的；n.多国籍公司，跨国公司

参考例句：

• The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.这家公司被一个跨国咨询公司收购。
• He analyzed the relationship between multinational corporations and under-developed countries.他分析了跨国公司和不发达国家之间的关系。

14 constituent   

n.选民；成分，组分；adj.组成的，构成的

参考例句：

• Sugar is the main constituent of candy.食糖是糖果的主要成分。
• Fibre is a natural constituent of a healthy diet.纤维是健康饮食的天然组成部分。

15 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。