WWII ceremonies begin in Poland

　　A day of commemorations has begun in Poland to mark the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II.
　　The first ceremony took place at dawn on Westerplatte peninsula near Gdansk, where a German battleship fired the first shots on a Polish fort in 1939.
　　Poland's president and prime minister led a sombre ceremony at the fort.
　　Foreign leaders from 20 countries including Germany and Russia are expected in Gdansk later in the day as ceremonies（仪式） continue.
　　At 0445 (0245 GMT) Polish President Lech Kaczynski and Prime Minister Donald Tusk¹ joined war veterans beside a monument to the heroes of Westerplatte.
　　The ceremony marked the exact time on 1 September 1939 when the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire at point-blank range on the fort.
　　At the same time, the German Wehrmacht invaded Poland from east, west and south. The attacks triggered Britain and France's declaration of war against Germany two days later.
　　In an address, Mr Tusk said the lessons of history should not be forgotten.
　　"We remember because we know well that he who forgets, or he who falsifies history, and has power or will assume power will bring unhappiness again like 70 years ago," he said.
　　Important symbolAt the time of the attack by the Schleswig-Holstein - which was moored² in the Polish harbour on a friendship visit - Gdansk was known as the free city of Danzig.
　　Watching the start of World War IIPact that set the scene for warUK service to mark evacuationsThe 182 Polish troops defending the Polish fort were expected to resist for about 12 hours. Despite coming under fire from the air, sea and land, they held out against a force of more than 3,000 Germans for seven days.
　　According to a survey published on Monday, Westerplatte is the most important symbol of Polish resistance（阻力） in the whole of the war.
　　A wreath-laying ceremony will take place later in the day and, of the speeches expected throughout the ceremonies, it is Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's which is the most keenly anticipated in Poland, reports the BBC's Adam Easton, in Gdansk.
　　According to the historian Professor Pawel Machcewicz, the Poles are expecting some sort of gesture from Mr Putin.
　　Thorny⁴ relationsPoland's relations with Russia are currently thornier⁵ than those with Germany, partly because of differing historical interpretations⁶ of events at the start of the war.
　　Two weeks after the German invasion, the Red Army invaded and annexed⁷ eastern Poland under terms agreed in the secret protocol⁸ of a Nazi-Soviet⁹ pact³.
　　Mr Putin may make a gesture to ease the tensions over KatynIn early 1940, the Soviet secret services murdered more than 20,000 Polish officers in the forests around Katyn. For 50 years Moscow blamed the Nazis¹⁰ and only admitted responsibility for the crime in 1990.
　　Russian courts have ruled that Katyn cannot be considered a war crime and Moscow is still refusing to declassify¹¹ documents about the massacre（大屠杀）.
　　The temperature was raised further this week with accusations¹² broadcast on Russian state TV which implied the USSR was justified¹³ in its invasion of Poland because Warsaw had been conspiring¹⁴ with Hitler against Moscow.
　　Mr Putin is unlikely to defend this viewpoint, but nor is he likely to offer an apology for the Soviet invasion, although he may make a gesture to ease the tensions over Katyn, our correspondent says.
　　In an article published in the Polish daily Gazeta Wyborcza on Monday, Mr Putin wrote: "The Russian nation, whose fate was distorted by the totalitarian regime, well understands Poles' feelings about Katyn, where thousands of Polish soldiers are buried.
　　"We should remember the victims of this crime."(本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑)

1 tusk   

n.獠牙，长牙，象牙

参考例句：

• The wild boar had its tusk sunk deeply into a tree and howled desperately.野猪的獠牙陷在了树里，绝望地嗥叫着。
• A huge tusk decorated the wall of his study.他书房的墙上装饰着一支巨大的象牙。

2 moored   

adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式

参考例句：

• The ship is now permanently moored on the Thames in London. 该船现在永久地停泊在伦敦泰晤士河边。
• We shipped (the) oars and moored alongside the bank. 我们收起桨，把船泊在岸边。

3 pact   

n.合同，条约，公约，协定

参考例句：

• The two opposition parties made an electoral pact.那两个反对党订了一个有关选举的协定。
• The trade pact between those two countries came to an end.那两国的通商协定宣告结束。

4 thorny   

adj.多刺的，棘手的

参考例句：

• The young captain is pondering over a thorny problem.年轻的上尉正在思考一个棘手的问题。
• The boys argued over the thorny points in the lesson.孩子们辩论功课中的难点。

5 thornier   

adj.多刺的( thorny的比较级 )；有刺的；棘手的；多障碍的

参考例句：

• Changing regulations, meanwhile, is even thornier. 与此同时，不断变化的法规更加棘手。 来自互联网
• The vote, on a procedural point, does not bode well for the passage of thornier legislation. 从程序上说，这次选举对更为棘手的立法进程来说并不是个好兆头。 来自互联网

6 interpretations   

n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 )；表演；演绎；理解

参考例句：

• This passage is open to a variety of interpretations. 这篇文章可以有各种不同的解释。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The involved and abstruse passage makes several interpretations possible. 这段艰涩的文字可以作出好几种解释。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 annexed   

[法] 附加的，附属的

参考例句：

• Germany annexed Austria in 1938. 1938年德国吞并了奥地利。
• The outlying villages were formally annexed by the town last year. 那些偏远的村庄于去年正式被并入该镇。

8 protocol   

n.议定书，草约，会谈记录，外交礼节

参考例句：

• We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。
• The statesmen signed a protocol.那些政治家签了议定书。

9 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

10 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 declassify   

v.撤销保密

参考例句：

• These reports were only declassified last year.这些报告去年才被撤销了密级。
• Does the president have the power to declassify information?总统有权利解密相关信息吗？

12 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。

13 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

14 conspiring   

密谋( conspire的现在分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致

参考例句：

• They were accused of conspiring against the king. 他们被指控阴谋反对国王。
• John Brown and his associates were tried for conspiring to overthrow the slave states. 约翰·布朗和他的合伙者们由于密谋推翻实行奴隶制度的美国各州而被审讯。