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高中英语人教版必修第三册07

时间:2010-04-21 06:15来源:互联网 提供网友:huoshiyou   字体: [ ]
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[00:06.35]READING
[00:07.58]THE BIRTH OF A SCIENCE
[00:10.19]Before the eighteenth century, botany was merely a branch of medicine.
[00:13.90]Unit then, mostly doctors and surgeons studied herbs.
[00:17.97]Attempts had been made by others to classify1 plant species2 into groups,
[00:21.81]but the breakthrough came with the work of Carl Linnaeus.
[00:24.56]Showing how plants were related3 was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
[00:29.96]The idea to give each species two names was not new, but names were not truly fixed4 and accepted.
[00:35.89]Some scientists classified5 plants into herbs and trees,
[00:39.65]or according to the shape of the fruit, or whether they had flowers or not.
[00:43.10]But Linnaeus’ idea of grouping plants in families was unique.
[00:47.28]In his system the identification6 of different species was based on the arrangement of the male and female7 organs in the flowers.
[00:54.65]As a result, fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related, although they are different at first sight.
[01:01.31]Linnaeus’ system soon conquered8 the world.
[01:04.42]In 1759, Linnaeus’ student, Daniel Solander, traveled to England to promote the new system.
[01:10.11]In London, Solander developed a lifelong friendship with Joseph Banks,
[01:09.11]who would late ask him to join his team of botanical explorers on the Endeavour in 1768.
[01:14.76]Born into a life of privilege9, Joseph Banks was the son of wealthy family.
[01:18.96]When his father died in 1761, Banks was only eighteen years old.
[01:23.53]Many young men in his position would lead a cosy10 life, but young Banks had an appetite for knowledge.
[01:28.81]Despite his wealth, he worked to make a career in science.
[01:32.60]He made a first journey to study wild plants in 1766.
[01:36.54]His next expedition was the great voyage with James Cook to Oceania.
[01:35.54]In 1768, the Royal Navy11 appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on an expedition to Tahiti.
[01:44.66]According to the instructions given to Captain Cook,
[01:47.35]the expedition had three goals.
[01:48.89]The primary goal was to study the passing of the planet12 Venus across the sun.
[01:53.23]This would give astronomers13 a change to calculate14 the distance between the earth and the sun.
[01:57.61]Secondly the purpose of the expedition was to record, classify and describe all plant and animal life observed during the trip.
[02:01.14]Thirdly, Captain Cook received secret instructions to search for an unknown southern continent.
[02:06.55]As astronomy15 was one of the most important branches of science,
[02:10.57]it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that of the expedition.
[02:14.94]Since the government would not pay for such a new field of science as botany, Joseph Banks,
[02:20.11]at the age of 25, had to supply about£10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition.
[02:25.85]On their three-year voyage, Joseph Banks did not only study and describe new plants he found,
[02:43.36]but also looked out new economic species: plans that could be grown in England or other parts of the world to produce crops that could be sold.
[02:50.96]Banks was the first to move crops from one continent to another on a large scale,
[02:55.66]helping to develop local economies with these new imports.
[02:58.85]Some plants that were spread over the globe in this way include cocoa, hemp16 and tea.
[03:03.97]The Endeavour, returned to England in 1771.
[03:07.42]The voyage had been a great success.
[03:09.56]Wonderful discoveries had been made of strange new lands, cultures, animals and plants.
[03:14.26]After that Captain Cook made two more voyages around the world, but Joseph Banks never undertook another.
[03:20.08]From behind his desk, however, he was involved in enterprises17 such as the exploration of Africa and the settlement of Australia.
[03:27.16]In 1778, Banks was elected president of the Royal Society, a position he held for 42 years

[03:33.83]During these years Banks helped to develop the royal gardens at Kew into one of the greatest botanical gardens in the world.
[03:40.25]He accumulated18 a great deal of knowledge about plants and agriculture.
[03:43.54]In growing strawberries Banks went back to the abandoned practice of spreading straw under the fruit to reduce the necessary amount of watering.
[03:50.73]He also built a greenhouse19 to experiment with growing pineapples.
[03:55.01]It was Joseph Banks who made Kew a centre of scientific and economic research.
[03:59.32]INTEGRATING SKILLS
[04:03.06]Reading
[04:04.21]WILDLIEF AND GRARDEN ROSES
[04:06.87]In his youth Charles Darwin enjoyed all the freedom to experiment and do whatever he liked.
[04:12.70]The study of physics, chemistry, and later botany, was his hobby
[04:16.38]At the age of 22, Darwin was invited to join the scientific expedition on the Beagle.
[04:21.63]During its five-year voyage, the Beagle followed almost the same route as Cook’s Endeavour sixty years earlier.
[04:27.59]Darwin’s observations on the voyage let him to write his famous book On the Origin of Species.
[04:33.12]It was Darwin’s visit on the beagle to the Galapagos Isles20 that gave him the key to his new theory.
[04:38.69]Darwin soon realized that the wildlife of the Galapagos Isles was very curious and deserved21 special attention.
[04:44.28]Most of the life forms could be found nowhere else.
[04:47.80]There were even difference between the species of the different islands;
[04:50.89]yet all showed a clear relationship with those of America,
[04:53.63]though separated from that continent by about 600 miles.
[04:56.87]Darwin counted 225 flowering plants, of which he collected and brought home 193.
[05:03.22]Of these 100 were new species which are only found in the Galapagos islands.
[05:08.34]Altogether the group of island formed a little world within itself.
[05:12.12]Darwin first understood the development of different plant species from developments in bird species that he observed in Galapagos.
[05:18.60]He found 13 kinds of finches, related to each other in the structure of their beaks22, tails,shape of body and colour of their feathers.
[05:25.68]The most curious fact was the differences in the size of the beaks.
[05:29.21]This could only be explained by the difference in habitat and source of food.
[05:32.92]The birds with broad beaks would eat hard seeds, while the birds with smaller beaks would eat soft seed or insects.
[05:39.42]Back home, in England, Darwin realised that differences in habitat could lead to explaining differences between species.
[05:46.47]During the 1840s and 1850s Gregor Mendel conducted his experiments with flowers and peas Mendel’s attraction to research was based on his love of nature.
[05:59.75]Although his experiments. Were designed to support the ideas concerning23 the influence of environment upon plants,
[06:05.54]he found that many characteristics were passed on from one generation to the next,
[06:09.20]without influence by the environment.
[06:11.32]His research gave birth to the science of genetics.
[06:14.01]As a result of Darwin and Mendel’s research, scientists of the nineteenth century formed the belief that the influence of the environment was behind the development of new species.
[06:23.67]Still, both Darwin and Mendel observed that within species, different varieties could occur.
[06:28.95]Darwin studied many varieties of garden roses.
[06:31.98]It would take a next generation of scientists to bring the importance of the environment on species back in view.
[06:37.36]In 1922, Gote Turesson found evidence for existence of stable varieties within species in nature.
[06:44.55]He showed that differences between plants of one species occurred as result of environmental conditions in their habitat.
[06:51.05]He made his discoveries by studying a wild plant found on the Swedish west coast.
[06:55.62]When growing on rocks, the plant grows to a bush, having broad leaves and large flowers.
[07:00.56]However, when growing on sand, the plant grows close to the ground, having narrow leaves and small flowers

[07:06.31]If plants from one habitat were moved to the other of habitat,
[07:09.86]they changed their appearance and adapted to the new environment.
[07:12.99]The research of Darwin, Mendel and Turesson shows that both genetics and the environment are important to plants.
[07:18.79]For the improvement24 of crops Mendel’s genetics were long considered the most important.
[07:23.13]However, Tursson’s findings25 show that habitat,
[07:26.03]such as soil conditions, is of equal importance to the output of crops


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1 classify xVeyN     
vt.把…分类,把…分等级;把…列为
参考例句:
  • Men in the post office classify mail according to places it is to go.邮局里的人员将信件按寄送地点分类。
  • He carefully began to classify the results of his examinations.他开始细心地为他的检验结果分类。
2 species FTizN     
n.物种,种群
参考例句:
  • Are we the only thinking species in the whole of creation?我们是万物中惟一有思想的物种吗?
  • This species of bird now exists only in Africa.这种鸟现在只存在于非洲。
3 related vkGzSv     
adj.有关系的,有关联的,叙述的,讲述的
参考例句:
  • I am not related to him in any way.我和他无任何关系。
  • We spent days going through all related reference material.我们花了好多天功夫查阅所有有关的参考资料。
4 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
5 classified wwlzF7     
a.分类的
参考例句:
  • The books in the library are classified according to subject. 图书馆的书按学科分类。
  • This information has been classified top secret. 这一情报被归为绝密类别。
6 identification RbFxK     
n.视为同一,证明同一,确认
参考例句:
  • He's made a formal identification of the body.他正式确认了死者身份。
  • We should have identification card on the person when we go out.我们外出时应随身携带身份证。
7 female 3kSxf     
adj.雌的,女(性)的;n.雌性的动物,女子
参考例句:
  • We only employ female workers.我们只雇用女工。
  • The animal in the picture was a female elephant.照片上的动物是头母象。
8 conquered 4c84e133276faec20926742bc0c4074b     
攻克( conquer的过去式和过去分词 ); 征服; 破除; 克服
参考例句:
  • The Normans conquered England in 1066. 诺曼人于1066年征服了英格兰。
  • The mines were manned by forced labour from conquered countries. 这些矿由来自被征服国家的强制劳工开采。
9 privilege v1YzL     
n.特权,优惠,特许;v.给予优惠,给予特权
参考例句:
  • Of course,no country has the privilege of fishing in our coastal water.当然,在我国的领海内没有一个国家有捕鱼的特权。
  • He never abuses his privilege.他从不滥用特权。
10 cosy dvnzc5     
adj.温暖而舒适的,安逸的
参考例句:
  • We spent a cosy evening chatting by the fire.我们在炉火旁聊天度过了一个舒适的晚上。
  • It was so warm and cosy in bed that Simon didn't want to get out.床上温暖而又舒适,西蒙简直不想下床了。
11 navy oGTxs     
n.海军,海军人员,海军军力,藏青色
参考例句:
  • My brother is in the navy.我兄弟在海军服役。
  • He has transferred from the army to the navy.他从陆军转到海军。
12 planet A26z1     
n.行星
参考例句:
  • Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun. 海王星是离太阳最远的行星。
  • Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. 然而, 垃圾只是我们这个星球的污染问题的一个方面。
13 astronomers 569155f16962e086bd7de77deceefcbd     
n.天文学者,天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪,为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》
14 calculate aTXyx     
vt.计算,核算;估计,推测;计划,打算
参考例句:
  • He must calculate the probability of failure.他必须计算一下失败的概率。
  • I'll calculate what it will cost.我要估计一下那要花多少钱。
15 astronomy hOQyf     
n.天文学
参考例句:
  • Mathematics is connected with astronomy.数学与天文学有联系。
  • Astronomy is an abstract subject.天文学是一门深奥的学科。
16 hemp 5rvzFn     
n.大麻;纤维
参考例句:
  • The early Chinese built suspension bridges of hemp rope.古代的中国人建造过麻绳悬索桥。
  • The blanket was woven from hemp and embroidered with wool.毯子是由亚麻编织,羊毛镶边的。
17 enterprises 5ed409702167ae63a988a2170c3f8330     
事业( enterprise的名词复数 ); 事业心; 企[事]业单位; 企业发展
参考例句:
  • In capitalist society,big enterprises always try to freeze out the smaller ones. 在资本主义社会,大企业总是千方百计地排挤小企业。
  • Big transcontinental enterprises jostle with one another for world markets. 巨大的跨国公司[企业]互相争夺国际市场。
18 accumulated 5f926b5475963464445c0d2055786b5f     
adj. 累积的 动词accumulate的过去式和过去分词形式
参考例句:
  • I seem to have accumulated a lot of books. 我好像已经收集了很多书。
  • All his accumulated nervous agitation was discharged on Maud like a thunderbolt. 他那蓄积已久的怒气,就像雷电般倾泻在莫德身上。
19 greenhouse 4eJz1     
n.花房,温室,玻璃暖房
参考例句:
  • Behind the green house was a greenhouse.在那所绿房子后面是一个花房。
  • The tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse.这些西红柿是在温室栽培的。
20 isles 4c841d3b2d643e7e26f4a3932a4a886a     
岛( isle的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • the geology of the British Isles 不列颠群岛的地质
  • The boat left for the isles. 小船驶向那些小岛。
21 deserved 3ec8820eb4ea03e30f2c029028c1060b     
adj.应得的,当然的v.应受,应得,值得( deserve的过去式和过去分词 );应受报答;应得报酬;应得赔偿
参考例句:
  • Some of you deserved to succeed and others only scraped through. 你们当中有些人成功是理所当然,而有些人只是勉强及格。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Don't glare at me like that, you deserved the scolding. 不要那么瞪着我,你本该受到训斥的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
22 beaks 66bf69cd5b0e1dfb0c97c1245fc4fbab     
n.鸟嘴( beak的名词复数 );鹰钩嘴;尖鼻子;掌权者
参考例句:
  • Baby cockatoos will have black eyes and soft, almost flexible beaks. 雏鸟凤头鹦鹉黑色的眼睛是柔和的,嘴几乎是灵活的。 来自互联网
  • Squid beaks are often found in the stomachs of sperm whales. 经常能在抹香鲸的胃里发现鱿鱼的嘴。 来自互联网
23 concerning rvBzwz     
prep.关于,论及
参考例句:
  • What do you know concerning this?关于这事你知道些什么?
  • Some senior students wrote in asking for information concerning postgraduate studies.一些四年级学生写信询问有关研究生课程的信息。
24 improvement 39vxg     
n.改进,增进;改进之处,改善的地方
参考例句:
  • The doctor noticed a gradual improvement in his patient.医生注意到病人在逐渐恢复健康。
  • I can detect signs of improvement in your thinking.我可以察觉出你思考问题方面的进步。
25 findings 4tYzV9     
n.发现物( finding的名词复数 );调查(或研究)的结果;(陪审团的)裁决
参考例句:
  • It behoves us to study these findings carefully. 我们理应认真研究这些发现。
  • Their findings have been widely disseminated . 他们的研究成果已经广为传播。
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