-
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
The NIH is 'largely finished' moving its former research chimps2 to a sanctuary3
Two chimpanzees roam the grounds of Chimp1 Haven5 in Louisiana. Many former research chimpanzees have been sent to retire at the sanctuary.
Images provided by Chimp Haven
For two chimpanzees named Huey and Pancake, both in their mid-30s, this week has been unexpectedly dramatic.
Huey, a male, and Pancake, a female, have been devoted6 to each other for over two decades. Together, they got loaded onto a truck at a research facility in Texas, where they've lived since they were young. They traveled for hours to a place in Louisiana where the hoots7 of hundreds of chimpanzees echo over pine trees.
The two chimps are now hanging out in a building that serves as the welcome center for Chimp Haven, the largest chimpanzee sanctuary in the world and the official retirement8 home for research chimps owned or supported by the federal government.
A co-founder of Chimp Haven, Amy Fultz, actually knew Huey and Pancake back in the 1990s, when she was working at that Texas research facility and dreaming of someday creating a sanctuary for retired9 research chimps.
"I think we've all aged10, obviously, in different ways. Both Pancake and I have put on a little bit of weight," Fultz says with a laugh. "Huey is way more devoted to Pancake than I recall, very attached to her. But that makes sense after 20 years of them being together. ... It's kind of full circle, for me, to have Huey and Pancake to be the chimps that are coming now."
Which chimps are sent to a sanctuary?
Huey and Pancake's arrival at Chimp Haven means the government has entered a new phase in its ongoing11 effort to retire its former research chimps. Now all of the federally managed chimps that have been deemed eligible12 to go to this sanctuary have actually been sent there.
The vast majority of the 85 or so government-supported chimps remaining at research facilities have chronic13, progressive health problems such as heart disease or diabetes14 that make the animals too fragile and ill to ever move, say officials at the National Institutes of Health.
Nine of these remaining chimps are probably healthy enough to relocate to Chimp Haven, but they're currently ineligible15 to go because each is part of a socially bonded16 pair with another, sicker chimp. When the sicker chimps die, however, their companions will be reassessed and may make the move.
That's why the process of sending chimps to the sanctuary is "largely finished," but "there's still that group that's in a tight social bond that will be reconsidered when we can," says James Anderson, the NIH's deputy director for program coordination17, planning and strategic initiatives. "There is a group of animals that we want to move and we'll do it when the social circumstances change and we can consider it."
Some animal welfare advocates, however, question how NIH officials and veterinarians have been making these decisions. They say even more chimps should get the chance to live the rest of their lives at a sanctuary.
"If you look at the medical summaries for some of the chimps, a lot of them will say, 'Well, we're concerned that there'll be a sudden heart attack if the chimps are moved,'" says Kathleen Conlee, vice18 president of animal research issues at the Humane19 Society of the United States. "Chimpanzees are notorious for cardiac problems anyway. You could be a completely healthy chimpanzee at 16 years old and die from a heart attack, quite frankly20. So to us, that's not a reason to keep them sitting in the labs."
Her group and others have sued the NIH over the fate of 35 chimps that the agency says need to stay at the Alamogordo Primate21 Facility in New Mexico.
Even a relatively22 old chimp could continue to live for years; the three oldest chimps at Chimp Haven are all 61 years old and are believed to have been captured in the wild in the 1960s. One of them was in her 50s when she moved from a research facility to the sanctuary.
Chimpanzees lounge on a structure at Chimp Haven. The sanctuary is home to hundreds of the primates23.
Images provided by Chimp Haven
The NIH has been working to retire all of its hundreds of research chimps since 2015, when it announced that it was ending invasive biomedical research on this species. That move came after the agency had already been reducing this type of research with chimps, which are close biological relatives to humans.
"Their likeness24 to humans has made them uniquely valuable for certain types of research, but also demands greater justification25 for their use," Francis Collins said back then, when he was the NIH director.
The effort to move former research chimps to the sanctuary quickly became complicated by the fact that many aging chimps have diseases that could be exacerbated26 by stressful life changes.
"The transfer process can be quite dangerous," says Anderson, who notes that it doesn't just involve the physical stress of the trip on a truck but also social adjustments to a new community. "And that can go on for months after arriving at the sanctuary."
The agency developed a standard way of assessing the health of chimps, which included a review by NIH veterinarians whenever a research facility determined27 that a chimp was too fragile to move. "And we use that as the final decision for whether it's safe or not," says Anderson.
Since 2017, an average of 36 NIH chimps a year have been transferred to Chimp Haven, according to Fultz.
A new life in Louisiana
There, 330 chimps live on a 200-acre property that includes natural, wooded areas surrounded by moats. A staff of more than 50 employees does nothing but care for the chimps and enrich their lives.
"Chimpanzees in the wild live in groups of 20 to over 100 chimpanzees. Our average group size right now at Chimp Haven is 11. So we do work toward integrating the chimpanzees into those larger groups," says Fultz.
Sometimes chimps know each other already; Huey and Pancake know some chimps at the sanctuary, and Huey even has a son who has been living there.
But all of this social planning takes a lot of thought and a large amount of coordination between Chimp Haven and the sending facility.
Primate research facilities generally house chimps in smaller social groups. Their chimps can live in fairly large enclosures with access to the outdoors and climbing equipment. In many cases, care providers at research institutions have known the chimps for years, if not decades, and they can become quite attached.
Asked how many NIH chimps are expected to come to the sanctuary in the next couple of years, Fultz says: "That's an NIH decision. They make those decisions about who is eligible to come. We'll await their decisions in the future."
Conlee believes that the government has a legal obligation, under a 2000 law passed as the CHIMP Act, to retire chimps to the federal sanctuary and not leave them at research facilities; that is one of the issues being litigated.
"I'm not saying the caretakers don't care about those chimpanzees, I feel like they really do," says Conlee. "Chimp Haven just has the expertise28 to provide that higher level of welfare. And, in addition to the welfare of the chimps, is the cost."
The cost for the NIH to support a chimp's care at Chimp Haven is significantly cheaper than at research facilities, Conlee points out, as the sanctuary is required to raise some of its own funds. The average cost to the NIH is around $26 per animal per day at the sanctuary, compared with around $97 or $124 per day at a research facility.
While the chimps managed by the NIH make up a significant fraction of the chimps in the United States, one census29 recently found more than 1,300 or so chimps living here, not just in sanctuaries30 and zoos but also in research facilities beyond the ones that take care of NIH chimps.
The Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Georgia, for example, currently has 30 chimps, none of which is NIH-managed. All live in social groups and are not involved in any research studies, according to spokesperson Lisa Newbern. While the center does evaluate opportunities to donate chimps to zoos or other appropriate places, Newbern said, they also have "a limited number of animals our veterinarians have determined are likely unsuitable for donation."
收听单词发音 |
1
chimp
|
|
| n.黑猩猩 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
chimps
|
|
| （非洲）黑猩猩( chimp的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
sanctuary
|
|
| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
transcript
|
|
| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
haven
|
|
| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
devoted
|
|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
hoots
|
|
| 咄，啐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
retirement
|
|
| n.退休，退职 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
retired
|
|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
aged
|
|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
ongoing
|
|
| adj.进行中的，前进的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
eligible
|
|
| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
chronic
|
|
| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
diabetes
|
|
| n.糖尿病 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
ineligible
|
|
| adj.无资格的，不适当的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
bonded
|
|
| n.有担保的，保税的，粘合的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
coordination
|
|
| n.协调，协作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
vice
|
|
| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
humane
|
|
| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
frankly
|
|
| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
primate
|
|
| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
relatively
|
|
| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
primates
|
|
| primate的复数 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
likeness
|
|
| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
justification
|
|
| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
exacerbated
|
|
| v.使恶化，使加重( exacerbate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
expertise
|
|
| n.专门知识(或技能等)，专长 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
census
|
|
| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
sanctuaries
|
|
| n.避难所( sanctuary的名词复数 )；庇护；圣所；庇护所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
购买
在百度中搜索