英语语法：83 Sentence Fragments

Grammar Girl here.

Today's topic is sentence fragments.

I often imagine that listeners are writing articles and essays and books, but I was recently reminded that some people make their living writing shorter things like headlines and ad copy, and that it's really hard work. It was Mark Twain who said, “I didn't have time to write a short letter, so I wrote a long one instead.”

Unfortunately, when writers focus too much on brevity, sometimes they leave out important words and produce fragments instead of sentences. Entering stage left, we have a new podcast character. [Fanfare.] Welcome, Sir Fragalot! Sir Fragalot flounces around the countryside shouting sentence fragments at unsuspecting strangers.

Sir Fragalot

Over the next hill! A tree with wings! On DVD December 19!

Grammar Girl

Oh dear! Poor Sir Fragalot doesn't know that you can't magically make any set of words a sentence by starting with a capital letter and ending with a period (or an exclamation¹ point). In the most basic form, a complete sentence must have a subject and a verb.

Sir Fragalot

Leaving town!

Grammar Girl

No, Sir Fragalot, you don't have a subject or a verb. It would be "I am leaving town" or "He is leaving town."

A verb is an action word that tells the reader what's happening, and a subject does the action of the verb. You can make a complete sentence with just two words:  Squiggly hurried. Squiggly, our beloved snail², is the subject, and hurried is the verb.

Sir Fragalot

Hurried onward³!

Grammar Girl

No, Sir Fragalot, it would be "Squiggly hurried onward." Squiggly is the subject; he's the one hurrying.

Sir Fragalot

Humph.

Grammar Girl

There's even a sentence form called the imperative⁴ that lets you make one-word sentences such as Run! Imperative sentences are commands. and the subject is always assumed to be the person you are talking to. If Squiggly looks at the aardvark and says, “Run!” the aardvark knows that he's the one who should be running. It's such a strong command that he knows it is imperative for him to run.

Sir Fragalot

Run!

Grammar Girl

Good job.

So you can make imperative sentences such as "Run!" with one verb, and you can make simple complete sentences such as "Squiggly hurried," with a subject and a verb, but there is also a case where you have a subject and a verb, but you still don't have a complete sentence. Ack! This happens when your fragment is a dependent clause, meaning that it depends on the other part of the sentence: the main clause. If you're dependent on your parents, then you need them. It's the same with dependent clauses; they need their main clauses.

Dependent clause fragments usually start with a subordinating conjunction such as because, although, or if. I'm going to need more examples to explain this one. It  makes a lot more sense when you hear examples.

Let's go back to our simple sentence: "Squiggly hurried." I'm sure you all get that this is a complete sentence because it has a subject and a verb, but look at what happens if you put a subordinating conjunction in front of it: "Because Squiggly hurried." By adding that because, I've completely messed up the sentence; now I need the part that explains the because. The because makes the whole thing a dependent clause that can't exist on its own. (Well, it can exist, but it's a fragment and that's bad.) The dependent clause now only makes sense if it has a main clause; for example, "The aardvark was relieved because Squiggly hurried."

Another subordinate conjunction that can turn a sentence into a fragment is the word that: "That Squiggly hurried." [Note: This sentence can be read at least two ways. If that is an adjective, it is a complete sentence. If that is a subordinate conjunction, it is a dependent clause.]

Sir Fragalot

That Squiggly hurried.

Grammar Girl

Yeah, um, that doesn't make any sense, because it's a fragment; but you can tack⁵ it onto the same main clause we used before, turning it into the dependent clause it was meant to be, and it makes sense again. "The aardvark was relieved that Squiggly hurried."
To sum up, there are some easy tests to see if you have a fragment. The easiest test is to ask yourself if there is a verb. If there's no verb, then it's a fragment. Then, if there is a verb and no subject, ask yourself if the sentence is a command. If it's a command, then it's an imperative sentence, and if it's not a command, then it's a fragment. [Exception alert*] Finally, ask yourself if it is really a subordinate clause to the previous sentence. If it is, then it is a fragment. That last one is a little trickier⁶, but I'm sure you can do it!
That's all.

I'm giving away five copies of Punctuate⁷ It Right this week.  These are the winners: Kait, who has a Yahoo e-mail address; Steve from the University of California at Santa Barbara; Erin M.; Jenna from Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Richard B., who also has a Yahoo e-mail address. Please check your e-mail for instructions on how to receive your book.

Please send your questions and comments to。。。 or call the voicemail line at 206-338-GIRL (4475).

Finally, thanks to "Miss Peter" from the Music Nerve podcast for playing the part of Sir Fragalot.

 

1 exclamation   

n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词

参考例句：

• He could not restrain an exclamation of approval.他禁不住喝一声采。
• The author used three exclamation marks at the end of the last sentence to wake up the readers.作者在文章的最后一句连用了三个惊叹号，以引起读者的注意。

2 snail   

n.蜗牛

参考例句：

• Snail is a small plant-eating creature with a soft body.蜗牛是一种软体草食动物。
• Time moved at a snail's pace before the holidays.放假前的时间过得很慢。

3 onward   

adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先

参考例句：

• The Yellow River surges onward like ten thousand horses galloping.黄河以万马奔腾之势滚滚向前。
• He followed in the steps of forerunners and marched onward.他跟随着先辈的足迹前进。

4 imperative   

n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的

参考例句：

• He always speaks in an imperative tone of voice.他老是用命令的口吻讲话。
• The events of the past few days make it imperative for her to act.过去这几天发生的事迫使她不得不立即行动。

5 tack   

n.大头钉；假缝，粗缝

参考例句：

• He is hammering a tack into the wall to hang a picture.他正往墙上钉一枚平头钉用来挂画。
• We are going to tack the map on the wall.我们打算把这张地图钉在墙上。

6 trickier   

adj.狡猾的( tricky的比较级 )；（形势、工作等）复杂的；机警的；微妙的

参考例句：

• This is the general rule, but some cases are trickier than others. 以上是一般规则，但某些案例会比别的案例更为棘手。 来自互联网
• The lower the numbers go, the trickier the problems get. 武器的数量越低，问题就越复杂。 来自互联网

7 punctuate   

vt.加标点于；不时打断

参考例句：

• The pupils have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.小学生尚未学会正确使用标点符号。
• Be sure to punctuate your sentences with the correct marks in the right places.一定要在你文章句子中的正确地方标上正确的标点符号。