2022年经济学人 乌克兰还能坚持多久？(2)

The IMF has helped as well.

国际货币基金组织也提供了帮助。

It has encouraged America and other countries to take over part of Ukraine’s allocation of special drawing rights at the fund, in effect channelling hard currency to the government in Kyiv.

它鼓励美国和其他国家接管乌克兰在IMF分配的特别提款权的，实际上是将硬通货输送到基辅政府。

But the end result of all these appeals is that, for the second quarter of this year, Ukraine has so far totted up grants totalling only about $4.5bn, against a fiscal¹ shortfall of $15bn.

但所有这些呼吁的最终结果是，今年第二季度，乌克兰迄今获得的赠款总额仅为约45亿美元，而财政缺口为150亿美元。

This is not sustainable, admits Mr Marchenko, who fears that if the war lasts more than another “three or four months”, painful measures will be needed, involving huge tax rises and swingeing spending cuts.

马尔琴科承认，这是不可持续的。他担心，如果战争再持续“三四个月”，将需要采取痛苦的措施，包括大幅增税和大幅削减开支。

The real fear is that what has become in recent years a fairly market-driven, freewheeling economy might see a wave of nationalisations, undoing² years of hard-fought progress.

真正令人担心的是，近些年来，一个相当市场化、自由放任的经济体可能会出现一波国有化浪潮，破坏多年来的进步。

An even more immediate³ problem is already, literally⁴, sprouting⁵.

实际上，一个更紧迫的问题已经萌芽。

Across the country, the sowing season for this year’s crop of wheat, barley⁶, sunflowers (for oil) and other grains and staples⁷ has been completed.

今年，全国小麦、大麦、葵花(油料)等谷物和主要作物的播种季节已基本结束。

Astonishingly, roughly 80% of the usual crop has gone into the ground, sometimes planted by brave farmers wearing bulletproof vests.

令人惊讶的是，大约80%的常规作物已经播种完毕，有些是勇敢的农民穿着防弹衣种植的。

But what to do with it?

但要怎么处理呢？

Harvesting should be no great problem, since the frontlines have been pushed back and Russia looks unlikely to make further gains.

收获应该不是大问题，因为前线已经被击退，俄罗斯看起来不太可能取得进一步的成功。

The hard part is shipping⁸ the stuff out of the country.

最难的是把这些东西运出乌克兰。

The presence of the Russian navy in the Black Sea, as well as the defensive⁹ deployment¹⁰ of mines by Ukraine’s navy, means that Odessa, Ukraine’s principal port, is shut down completely.

俄罗斯海军在黑海的存在，以及乌克兰海军的防御性水雷部署，意味着乌克兰主要港口敖德萨已经完全关闭。

The same goes for its second and third ports, located nearby.

位于附近的第二个和第三个港口也是如此。

Berdyansk and Mariupol, the fourth and fifth, are under Russian control.

别尔江斯克和马里乌波尔分别是第四个和第五个，都在俄罗斯的控制之下。

Nor can much grain be stored; the country’s grain silos are mostly full of the recently harvested winter crop, which would normally have been sent abroad by now.

也不能储存太多的粮食；乌克兰的粮仓里大多是最近收获的冬季作物，通常现在应该已经运往国外了。

Mustafa Nayyem, a former journalist and protester turned Ukraine’s deputy infrastructure¹¹ minister, is in charge of solving the problem.

穆斯塔法·纳耶姆曾是一名记者和抗议者，后来成为乌克兰基础设施部副部长，他负责解决这个问题。

If the grain cannot get out by sea, it will have to travel by road and rail, via Poland, Romania and Hungary.

如果粮食不能通过海路运输，就必须通过公路和铁路运输，途经波兰、罗马尼亚和匈牙利。

But problems abound¹², he says.

但他表示，存在太多问题了。

The roads cannot handle that much heavy traffic; the alternative ports have limited spare capacity.

道路无法承受那么大的交通流量；替代港口的闲置容量有限。

Worst of all, crossing Ukraine’s frontiers with the eu is arduous¹³.

最糟糕的是，跨越乌克兰与欧盟的边界是一件艰难的事情。

Customs and phytosanitary checks are already causing 10km tailbacks at entry points.

海关和植物检疫检查已经在入境点排队排了10公里。

The club’s rules say that, since Ukraine is not a member, only a limited number of its lorries can enter.

欧盟方面规定，由于乌克兰不是欧盟成员，只有有限数量的乌克兰卡车可以进入。

Bureaucracy is gumming up the works, and unless they are unblocked Ukraine, Europe and indeed the world will face severe food shortages after the harvest in September.

官僚作风正在阻碍这项工作，除非乌克兰的粮食供应畅通无阻，否则欧洲乃至全球在9月份的收成后，将面临严重的粮食短缺。

“We need every country in Europe to allow free access to our trucks,” says the minister.

这位部长说：“我们需要欧洲每个国家都允许我们的卡车自由通行。”

“They don’t seem to understand the sheer amount of wheat that is about to hit them.”

“他们似乎不清楚即将收获的小麦数量。”

1 fiscal   

adj.财政的，会计的，国库的，国库岁入的

参考例句：

• The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
• The government has two basic strategies of fiscal policy available.政府有两个可行的财政政策基本战略。

2 undoing   

n.毁灭的原因，祸根；破坏，毁灭

参考例句：

• That one mistake was his undoing. 他一失足即成千古恨。
• This hard attitude may have led to his undoing. 可能就是这种强硬的态度导致了他的垮台。

3 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

4 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

5 sprouting   

v.发芽( sprout的现在分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出

参考例句：

• new leaves sprouting from the trees 树上长出的新叶
• They were putting fresh earth around sprouting potato stalks. 他们在往绽出新芽的土豆秧周围培新土。 来自名作英译部分

6 barley   

n.大麦，大麦粒

参考例句：

• They looked out across the fields of waving barley.他们朝田里望去,只见大麦随风摇摆。
• He cropped several acres with barley.他种了几英亩大麦。

7 staples   

n.（某国的）主要产品( staple的名词复数 )；钉书钉；U 形钉；主要部份v.用钉书钉钉住( staple的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The anvil onto which the staples are pressed was not assemble correctly. 订书机上的铁砧安装错位。 来自辞典例句
• I'm trying to make an analysis of the staples of his talk. 我在试行分析他的谈话的要旨。 来自辞典例句

8 shipping   

n.船运（发货，运输，乘船）

参考例句：

• We struck a bargain with an American shipping firm.我们和一家美国船运公司谈成了一笔生意。
• There's a shipping charge of ￡5 added to the price.价格之外另加五英镑运输费。

9 defensive   

adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的

参考例句：

• Their questions about the money put her on the defensive.他们问到钱的问题，使她警觉起来。
• The Government hastily organized defensive measures against the raids.政府急忙布置了防卫措施抵御空袭。

10 deployment   

n. 部署,展开

参考例句：

• He has inquired out the deployment of the enemy troops. 他已查出敌军的兵力部署情况。
• Quality function deployment (QFD) is a widely used customer-driven quality, design and manufacturing management tool. 质量功能展开(quality function deployment,QFD)是一个广泛应用的顾客需求驱动的设计、制造和质量管理工具。

11 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

12 abound   

vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于

参考例句：

• Oranges abound here all the year round.这里一年到头都有很多橙子。
• But problems abound in the management of State-owned companies.但是在国有企业的管理中仍然存在不少问题。

13 arduous   

adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的

参考例句：

• We must have patience in doing arduous work.我们做艰苦的工作要有耐性。
• The task was more arduous than he had calculated.这项任务比他所估计的要艰巨得多。