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[00:03.27]1999
[00:06.37](1)<While there are almost as many definitions
[00:08.58]of history as there are historians,
[00:11.20]modern practice most closely conforms to one
[00:14.13]that sees history as the attempt to recreate
[00:17.35]and explain the significant events of the past.>
[00:20.78]Caught in the web of its own time and place,
[00:23.50]each generation of historians determines anew
[00:26.33]what is significant for it in the past.
[00:29.26]In this search the evidence found
[00:31.17]is always incomplete and scattered;
[00:33.40]it is also frequently partial or partisan¹.
[00:36.71]The irony² of the historian's craft
[00:38.90]is that its practitioners
[00:40.42]always know that their efforts
[00:42.24]are but contributions to an unending process.
[00:45.77](2)<Interest in historical methods
[00:47.59]has arisen less through external challenge
[00:50.10]to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
[00:53.94]and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.>
[00:58.07]While history once revered
[00:59.61]its affinity³ to literature and philosophy,
[01:02.96]the emerging social sciences
[01:04.67]seemed to afford greater opportunities
[01:06.98]for asking new questions
[01:08.69]and providing rewarding approaches
[01:10.41]to an understanding of the past.
[01:13.14]Social science methodologies
[01:14.75]had to be adapted to a discipline governed
[01:17.67]by the primacy of historical sources
[01:20.32]rather than the imperatives⁴ of the contemporary world.
[01:23.96](3)<During this transfer,
[01:25.06]traditional historical methods were augmented
[01:27.58]by additional methodologies designed to interpret
[01:30.71]the new forms of evidence in the historical study.>
[01:33.48]在线英语听力室(www.tingroom.com)友情制作
[01:34.09]Methodology is a term that remains⁵ inherently ambiguous
[01:37.72]in the historical profession.
[01:39.83](4)<There is no agreement
[01:41.04]whether methodology refers to
[01:42.75]the concepts peculiar to historical work in general
[01:46.38]or to the research techniques appropriate
[01:48.60]to the various branches of historical inquiry.>
[01:51.93]Historians, especially those so blinded
[01:54.45]by their research interests
[01:56.16]that they have been accused of "tunnel method,"
[01:59.18]frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy."
[02:02.82]Also common in the natural sciences,
[02:05.62]the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies
[02:08.04]the discipline as a whole
[02:10.06]with certain parts of its technical implementation⁶.
[02:13.18](5)<It applies equally to traditional historians
[02:15.90]who view history as only the external
[02:18.22]and internal criticism of sources,
[02:20.84]and to social science historians
[02:22.75]who equate their activity with specific techniques.>

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1 partisan
adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒
参考例句：
In their anger they forget all the partisan quarrels.愤怒之中，他们忘掉一切党派之争。 The numerous newly created partisan detachments began working slowly towards that region.许多新建的游击队都开始慢慢地向那里移动。

2 irony
n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄
参考例句：
She said to him with slight irony.她略带嘲讽地对他说。 In her voice we could sense a certain tinge of irony.从她的声音里我们可以感到某种讥讽的意味。

3 affinity
n.亲和力，密切关系
参考例句：
I felt a great affinity with the people of the Highlands.我被苏格兰高地人民深深地吸引。 It's important that you share an affinity with your husband.和丈夫有共同的爱好是十分重要的。

4 imperatives
n.必要的事( imperative的名词复数 )；祈使语气；必须履行的责任
参考例句：
Nixon, however, had other imperatives. 但尼克松另有需要。来自辞典例句 There could be some cultural imperatives in there somewhere! 在公共传播那里，在某些方面，可能有更迫切的文化需要！来自互联网

5 remains
n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹
参考例句：
He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。 The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

6 implementation
n.实施，贯彻
参考例句：
Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。