英语 英语 日语 日语 韩语 韩语 法语 法语 德语 德语 西班牙语 西班牙语 意大利语 意大利语 阿拉伯语 阿拉伯语 葡萄牙语 葡萄牙语 越南语 越南语 俄语 俄语 芬兰语 芬兰语 泰语 泰语 泰语 丹麦语 泰语 对外汉语

美国国家公共电台 NPR How The CIA Overthrew Iran's Democracy in 4 Days

时间:2019-02-11 06:48来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
特别声明:本栏目内容均从网络收集或者网友提供,供仅参考试用,我们无法保证内容完整和正确。如果资料损害了您的权益,请与站长联系,我们将及时删除并致以歉意。
    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

 

RUND ABDELFATAH, HOST:

August 15, 1953.

RAMTIN ARABLOUEI, HOST:

Shortly before midnight in Tehran, Iran's capital city, the air was thick with anticipation1. Something big was about to happen.

ABDELFATAH: The elected prime minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadegh, was sitting at home waiting. He knew something was coming.

ARABLOUEI: And he had no idea if he'd still be prime minister by morning.

ABDELFATAH: So with each tick, tick, tick of the clock, he knew that the future of Iran was at stake.

STEPHEN KINZER: One truckload of presidential guard soldiers were going to Mossadegh's house at midnight.

ABDELFATAH: Their mission was simple.

KINZER: Go to Mossadegh's house in the middle of the night.

ARABLOUEI: Knock on the door.

ABDELFATAH: Tell him he's fired.

KINZER: Mossadegh would then protest, undoubtedly3, and say, you can't fire me; I'm elected.

ARABLOUEI: And at that point...

KINZER: You would arrest him.

SANAM VAKIL: That failed because Mossadegh found out about the arrest.

KINZER: News of it leaked out.

VAKIL: Then there was a bit of panic among the army that was supposed to come out and support the arrest of Mossadegh. The phone lines were supposed to be cut. They were not cut. So there were a number of missteps that took place.

KINZER: And when the soldiers arrived at Mossadegh's house to arrest him, other soldiers jumped out of the woods and arrested those guys.

ARABLOUEI: Mossadegh's forces had foiled the coup4 attempt. He would stay prime minister.

ABDELFATAH: But little did he know, that night was just the beginning of a much bigger battle to come. And it would change the future of Iran and America.

(SOUNDBITE OF NEWS MONTAGE)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #1: Iran's British-hating premier5, Mossadegh, arrived in Cairo, where he...

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #2: Former Premier Mosaddegh's ruined house is a mute testimony6 to three days of bloody7 rioting, culminating in a military...

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #3: Fundamentalism took hold with a fury and a force that helped ignite...

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #4: For the first time, now, the CIA has released documents that show its role in the 1953 coup.

ABDELFATAH: You're listening to THROUGHLINE.

ARABLOUEI: Where we go back in time.

ABDELFATAH: To understand the present.

ARABLOUEI: Hey, I'm Ramtin Arablouei.

ABDELFATAH: I'm Rund Abdelfatah.

ARABLOUEI: And welcome to the first episode of THROUGHLINE.

ABDELFATAH: I'm not going to lie, I'm still a little bit shocked that they gave us a show.

ARABLOUEI: (Laughter) I know. I can't believe we're here.

ABDELFATAH: But we're really excited and really glad that you decided8 to join us for this ride.

ARABLOUEI: Yeah.

ABDELFATAH: Because Ramtin and I have been talking about this for a while. Like a lot of you, we're news junkies. And we were just pretty frustrated9 with the lack of historical context around a lot of the headlines we were reading.

ARABLOUEI: And we would end up in these Wikipedia wormholes, trying to figure out the history behind things. So we wanted to create a show where you, the listeners, and us could go on this journey every single week and become better informed about the world around us.

ABDELFATAH: And do it in a way that wasn't boring. (Laughter).

ARABLOUEI: Yes, exactly.

ABDELFATAH: So in this first episode, we're going to take you to Iran and the story of four days in 1953.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ABDELFATAH: All right, Ramtin, you were born in Iran. And you've spent a bunch of time there. So I'm curious. How much had you heard about this American coup growing up?

ARABLOUEI: I definitely heard stuff about it, especially from my father, who would remind me all the time, like, the only reason we're here in the U.S. is because what the U.S. did to our democracy in 1953, right? And I would always just kind of, like, brush it off, like, whatever. That couldn't have happened. That's just this, like, Iranian conspiracy10 theory stuff, right? But as I grew up, I realized the U.S. actually did interfere11 in Iran's politics in 1953.

ABDELFATAH: I'm going to be honest. Like, I didn't have much of an idea about this going into the episode. And it's, like, a really big, shocking thing to not have much of an idea about because I always thought that 1979 was the real pivotal moment - right? - that the Iranian revolution that happened that year and the hostage crisis at the American Embassy, those were the things that really set the tone for, like, this very tense relationship between the U.S. and Iran.

ARABLOUEI: Yeah. I mean, that makes sense. Like, why would you or any other American think differently, right? Because 1979 was such an important year. But 1953 is really when it all goes down.

ABDELFATAH: Doesn't it suck that your dad was right?

ARABLOUEI: (Laughter) Yeah, it really does. It does.

ABDELFATAH: OK, I want to get into it. It's a great story. So we're going to take you back to that pivotal moment, more than 65 years ago, to understand what happened during the coup.

ARABLOUEI: Why the U.S. made that decision.

ABDELFATAH: And how this event redefined the U.S.-Iran relationship and changed the world.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LUCK BE A LADY")

FRANK SINATRA: (Singing) They call you lady luck.

ABDELFATAH: August 16, 1953.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LUCK BE A LADY")

SINATRA: (Singing) But there is room for doubt. At times, you have a very unladylike way of running out.

ARABLOUEI: In the early morning of August 16, 1953, American agents were hiding out in a safehouse at a secret location in Tehran, listening to this song, "Luck Be A Lady Tonight" (ph).

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LUCK BE A LADY")

SINATRA: (Singing) Luck be a lady tonight. Luck, be a lady tonight.

ARABLOUEI: They were waiting to hear whether the coup they had engineered had worked. And the mood was electric - music blasting, booze flowing. Everyone's celebrating a job well done.

ABDELFATAH: Now, remember, this is 1953. So there were no breaking news alerts, no email, no good way to deliver information fast.

ARABLOUEI: So as far as these guys knew, the coup had gone off without a hitch12.

ABDELFATAH: And there was one guy who was especially happy, Kermit Roosevelt.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

VAKIL: So Kermit Roosevelt was chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division.

KINZER: Like many of the figures in the early CIA, he had been born into privilege, gone to Ivy13 League schools. His grandfather had been Theodore Roosevelt.

VAKIL: Distant relative of FDR as well. He was called in to help facilitate this transition.

KINZER: So on July 19, 1953, Kermit Roosevelt crossed over into Iran.

ABDELFATAH: This is Stephen Kinzer. He wrote a groundbreaking book on this coup called...

KINZER: "All The Shah's Men."

ARABLOUEI: And Sanam Vakil.

VAKIL: Oh, OK, now you can hear me. Hello, how are you?

ARABLOUEI: A research fellow at Chatham House in London, where she leads the Iran Forum14 Project. And they were our guides through this story.

ABDELFATAH: OK, so Kermit Roosevelt entered Iran on July 19 with a pretty big mission ahead of him - stage a coup to get rid of Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh.

ARABLOUEI: And we'll explain why in a bit.

ABDELFATAH: But the first question Roosevelt had to answer...

KINZER: I've asked myself this question.

ABDELFATAH: ...Was, how?

KINZER: So you're sent into a foreign country. And your assignment is overthrow15 the government. What do you do? Like, what do you do on the first day? Nine o'clock, you get to the office. How do you start?

ABDELFATAH: Even though the CIA had devised a plan for Roosevelt, no one was sure it would actually work. It was suddenly up to Roosevelt to destabilize a whole country.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: Step one.

KINZER: Seize control of the Iranian press.

ARABLOUEI: Basically buy them off with bribes16.

KINZER: It turned out that the press was quite corrupt17.

ARABLOUEI: And soon enough, Roosevelt had columnists18, editors and reporters from most of Iran's newspapers on his payroll19. Then anti-Mossadegh propaganda began printing everywhere.

KINZER: Mossadegh was a Jew, a homosexual, a British agent, anything that they thought would - would outrage20 people.

ARABLOUEI: There was such an appetite for these stories that Iranian journalists just couldn't keep up. So Roosevelt had to recruit CIA agents back in Washington to write some of the articles for the Iranian press.

KINZER: In fact, one of them later wrote a memoir21. And he talked about how bizarre it was at the CIA. You had the people plotting the Iran coup. And then you had analysts22 on the other side who weren't aware of the covert23 action. And he said, I would write an article about how Mossadegh was an atheist24, and he hated God. And then, a couple of days later, a guy from the other side of the hall in the analysis division would run over to my office holding up an Iranian newspaper and saying, wow, you won't believe how the newspapers in Iran are denouncing Mossadegh. Look at this article. And I couldn't tell him, I wrote that article.

ABDELFATAH: Step two, recruit allies on the ground, most importantly the Islamic clergy25, or mullahs, who held a lot of power in Iran.

KINZER: Kermit Roosevelt made strategic payments to a number of important mullahs in exchange for them delivering sermons denouncing Mossadegh from the pulpit as against God and irreligious.

ARABLOUEI: Step three, get Iran's king, the shah, on board.

VAKIL: And convince the Iranian shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, that Mossadegh was a threat.

ARABLOUEI: This part took some persuading, though.

ABDELFATAH: Yeah because in theory, at least, the shah and the prime minister were meant to work together.

ARABLOUEI: But there was a lot of tension between them because for decades, Iran's Parliament and shah had a tough time sharing power. It would be a big deal for the shah to help overthrow the prime minister. But Roosevelt saw an opening to turn them against each other.

ABDELFATAH: That included bribing26 the shah's sister in exchange for her help convincing the shah to sign on. And there are reports that a fur coat was even part of the deal. But that tactic27 failed.

ARABLOUEI: Eventually, Roosevelt took matters into his own hands and began meeting with the shah almost every day, at midnight in a taxicab, always in a different location. During these late-night meetings, Roosevelt managed to convince the shah that Mossadegh death was a threat. And so the shah agreed to the coup.

ABDELFATAH: And finally, step four, go to Mossadegh's house in the middle of the night, arrest him and consolidate28 power in the hands of the shah, who was more friendly towards the West than Mossadegh.

ARABLOUEI: But remember, the coup attempt failed.

ABDELFATAH: At this point you're probably wondering why the U.S. went to all this trouble - sending Roosevelt to Iran, having him stir up chaos29 in the country and ultimately, trying to carry out a coup. Why were they so hell-bent on getting Mossadegh out of power?

ARABLOUEI: Well, the truth is the U.S. was dragged into the situation by Great Britain all because of one thing.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #5: A fifth of the world's oil supply was cut off.

ARABLOUEI: Oil.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #5: And nationalist feeling ran high against Britain and the Western democracies.

KINZER: We sometimes say that countries are blessed with resources. But sometimes, resources can be a curse, particularly if you're a country that's weak because there are always strong countries that want to come and take what you have.

ARABLOUEI: And Iran was cursed with a lot of oil. Oil was discovered there in 1908, and almost immediately Great Britain took an interest. And at that time, Britain was the world's biggest superpower. So they decided to strike a deal with the Iranian Shah. And they needed a lot of oil.

KINZER: This deal between the British and Iran was completely one-sided.

VAKIL: Great Britain was taking well over 80 percent of the revenues, while Iran was receiving about 10 to 12 percent of the revenues from its natural resource.

ABDELFATAH: Wait, wait, a deal like that makes no sense though. Why did Iran agree to that?

ARABLOUEI: Well, yeah, it makes no sense unless you're in desperate need of money. And Iran's government in the early 20th century was desperate.

KINZER: Iran, during the early part of the 20th century, was still ruled by the old Qajar royal dynasty. So it was a very corrupt dynasty, and it supported itself by selling off anything of value in Iran.

ARABLOUEI: They sold off the transportation industry, the tobacco industry, the caviar fisheries. They even sold off the country's treasury30 and banking31 industries. It was basically a free-for-all. And the British were first in line. Oil was by far their most valuable acquisition. And here's a fun fact. The company that controlled all of that oil was originally called the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which would later become...

(SOUNDBITE OF AD)

UNIDENTIFIED NARRATOR: Every day, BP supplies the fuel...

ARABLOUEI: BP.

ABDELFATAH: Oh, British Petroleum32.

ARABLOUEI: Yeah.

(SOUNBDITE OF AD)

UNIDENTIFIED NARRATOR: ...Vehicles all over the earth.

ABDELFATAH: So this was obviously very lucrative33 for them.

ARABLOUEI: Very lucrative. And during World War I and II, Iranian oil pumped life into the British war effort. So it was absolutely essential to Britain's future.

ABDELFATAH: OK, this all really helps explain the next part of the story - right? - because before he's even prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh got to work lobbying against this unfair oil deal, hoping to get a better deal for Iran.

ARABLOUEI: He tried to negotiate a new deal with the British that would allow Iran to keep a bigger share of the profits.

ABDELFATAH: Which I'm sure freaked out the British.

ARABLOUEI: And when negotiations34 broke down, the British imposed a worldwide embargo35 on Iranian oil. Eventually, in 1951, Mossadegh convinced the Iranian Parliament to nationalize Iran's oil. And a month later, he was elected prime minister, which really sent the British through the roof.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #6: Premier Mossadegh, spearhead of the oil nationalization program, took his case to the United Nations, where he remained adamant36 in his stand...

ARABLOUEI: So the British decided that the only solution was to get rid of Mossadegh and put in a more favorable government. And Mossadegh, sensing the British were up to something, shut down their embassy in Iran.

ABDELFATAH: And here's where I'm assuming the U.S. enters the picture, right?

ARABLOUEI: Right.

KINZER: So they called the Americans for help. And President Truman said, no, not going to do it. He actually sent a mediator37 to Iran. He had Mossadegh come to Washington to try to persuade him. But when nothing worked, he essentially38 told the British, there's nothing you can do. You're going to have to swallow this, like we had to swallow Mexico, nationalizing its oil industry in the '30s. We didn't like it. You're just going to have to live with this.

ARABLOUEI: But the following year, Dwight Eisenhower became president. And his thinking was a little different.

KINZER: Suddenly, you don't have an American president who forbids military action. But on the contrary, you have a new team that's eager to show that it's going to roll back threats to the United States. And that played right into the British hands.

ARABLOUEI: Plus, this was right around the time when the Cold War was heating up. And Iran happened to share a border with the Soviet39 Union.

KINZER: So what can he do to show that he's fighting communism? Well, he can't bomb Moscow. He's not going to invade China. You can't go after the real enemy. It's not possible. So you have to go after somebody else.

VAKIL: Iran, also in this period - and I think it's important to mention - there was a communist party known as the Tudeh that was active in Parliament, was supporting Mossadegh.

ARABLOUEI: And even though, by all accounts, Mossadegh was not a communist himself, the U.S. was still on high alert. So all these factors...

KINZER: A, the British want us to do it.

ARABLOUEI: Eventually convinced the U.S...

KINZER: B, Mossadegh is threatening the world economic order.

ARABLOUEI: To get on board with Britain's plan...

KINZER: C, we're desperate for a victory.

ARABLOUEI: To stage a coup and overthrow Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LUCK BE A LADY")

SINATRA: (Singing) And yet before this evening is over, you might give me the brush. You might forget your manners.

ABDELFATAH: At 6 a.m. the morning after the coup attempt, Roosevelt and his men, tired from a night of partying, tuned40 into the radio. But all they heard was silence. And Roosevelt knew something had gone wrong. Then suddenly, the radio crackled on.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ABDELFATAH: Military music started playing, and Mossadegh announced victory over an attempted coup.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

MOHAMMAD MOSSADEGH: (Speaking foreign language).

ABDELFATAH: He noticed that the shah was nowhere to be found and immediately suspected that the shah was behind the coup attempt. Meanwhile, the shah knew this might happen. And, fearing Mossadegh would come after him, hopped41 on his private plane and flew to Baghdad.

KINZER: And from there, he went on to Rome, where he told reporters, I'm probably going to have to look for work now because I'm obviously never going to be able to go back to Iran.

ABDELFATAH: So to recap, at the end of Day 2, the Shah had left Iran. Mossadegh was still in power with no idea that the U.S. was behind the coup attempt. And Roosevelt had failed. But even though his bosses back in Washington told him he could go home after the coup failed...

KINZER: Kermit Roosevelt was not willing to give up that easily. I think it came a little bit from the old CIA can-do mentality42. I think he also sensed how weak the Iranian political establishment was. He thought he still had assets that he hadn't used.

ABDELFATAH: Mossadegh wasn't out of the woods just yet.

KINZER: Kermit Roosevelt had not given up and would actually - was having a plan B.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: August 17, 1953.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ABDELFATAH: A couple days after the failed coup attempt, crowds of supporters packed the streets chanting the words, Mossadegh has won and, victory to the nation. It seemed like the worst was behind Mossadegh. He survived a coup attempt and lived to tell the tale. But this was the calm before the storm. Backroom dealings were happening out of sight. And the threat to Mossadegh was still very real. And we'll get to that.

ARABLOUEI: But during this momentary43 calm, we want to give you some insight into the man who was at the center of this whole thing, the man the U.S. and Britain were terrified of, Mohammad Mossadegh.

IBRAHIM NOROUZI: You'd get the feeling that this is a kind, fatherly person who cares about the people. And he's very respectful of people. He talks to people with respect. For the first time...

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

MOSSADEGH: (Foreign language spoken).

NOROUZI: That an Iranian politician would address them as, dear fellow citizen.

ARABLOUEI: This is Dr. Ibrahim Norouzi.

NOROUZI: I'm a retired44 physician.

ARABLOUEI: Dr. Norouzi was born in 1942, in a town in Iran called Kasvin. And he's a Mossadegh super-fan. He even created a website to honor him. Dr. Norouzi became very interested in politics from a young age.

NOROUZI: I have no idea exactly why because we didn't even have radio in our house when I was a kid, you know, when I was in elementary school. Maybe - I was very tiny, and I was bullied45 a lot. Maybe it's so I wanted some sort of justice in the world.

ARABLOUEI: Dr. Norouzi, like a lot of Iranians, sees Mossadegh as kind of a national hero, a sort of Gandhi for Iran. He's really become a mythical46 figure. But to really understand Mossadegh, we have to find the man behind the myth.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

KINZER: So Mohammad Mossadegh was an Iranian aristocrat47.

ABDELFATAH: Again, Stephen Kinzer.

KINZER: His father had been finance minister for decades under the Qajar regime. His mother was a princess.

VAKIL: He held various positions.

ABDELFATAH: That's Sanam Vakil.

VAKIL: Minister of foreign affairs, minister of finance, elected twice to the Iranian Parliament.

KINZER: He went off to be educated in Europe. He came home and began campaigning against the agreement by which the British were trying to subjugate48 Iran and became quite outraged49 at the injustices50 he saw around him.

VAKIL: And Mossadegh was known to be very dramatic. There are these anecdotes51 where he used to receive visitors in his bed, in his pajamas52, for example.

ABDELFATAH: Mossadegh was a pretty eccentric guy, prone53 to outbursts and dramatic speeches where he would cry, even pass out. And the U.S. and Britain saw him as kind of erratic54 and unreliable, difficult to negotiate with, even if he was a fan of democratic ideas.

VAKIL: Very much believed in the democratic ideals and checks and balances that were necessary to curtail55 monarchical56 power at the time. And he came of age during a time where these changes also influenced the political system.

ABDELFATAH: The biggest political change he witnessed happened when Mossadegh was in his 20s. Between 1905 and 1911, Iran went through a constitutional revolution.

KINZER: This was a remarkable57 moment in Middle Eastern history and in the history of the developing world. Iran developed a constitution in 1906. There are countries in the Middle East that don't even have a constitution today.

ABDELFATAH: The revolution sought to make Iran more democratic, with things like a parliament, a constitution and a free press.

ARABLOUEI: See, for centuries, the country had been ruled by Shahs, or kings, with power passing from fathers to sons. But by the turn of the 20th century...

ABDELFATAH: By the turn of the 20th century, the corrupt, irresponsible business dealings of the Shahs were driving the Iranian economy straight into the ground, which made the Shahs really unpopular among the people.

ARABLOUEI: And this wasn't like normal corruption58. We're talking crazy, excessive spending.

ABDELFATAH: Yeah. Like, one Shah had a harem of 1,600 people.

ARABLOUEI: Sixteen-hundred.

ABDELFATAH: One-six-zero-zero. And he and his many, many sons would use the national treasury as their personal piggy bank, taking money out whenever, you know, they wanted to travel around Europe.

ARABLOUEI: He also demanded that people call him one of the following names...

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: (Speaking Farsi).

ARABLOUEI: Shah of Shahs.

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: (Speaking Farsi).

ARABLOUEI: Asylum59 of the Universe.

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: (Speaking Farsi).

ARABLOUEI: Subduer of Climate.

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: (Speaking Farsi).

ARABLOUEI: Guardian60 of the Flock.

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: (Speaking Farsi).

ARABLOUEI: Or, Shadow of God on Earth.

ABDELFATAH: (Laughter) I could see you wanting to be called Guardian of the Flock.

(LAUGHTER)

ABDELFATAH: Or would you prefer Shadow of God on Earth?

ARABLOUEI: I personally like Subduer of Climate. That just feels...

ABDELFATAH: What does that even mean?

ARABLOUEI: I don't know. But it just feels like a very...

ABDELFATAH: We need a subduer of climate right now.

ARABLOUEI: We actually - we do need one right now. You're right.

ABDELFATAH: Anyway, point is, the shahs were out of control, and the Constitutional Revolution united people across Iran against the shahs, in favor of a more representative government.

VAKIL: A coalition61, if you will, of intellectuals, people from the bazaar62, the clergy.

ARABLOUEI: When that coalition stood up to the monarchy63, violence broke out.

ABDELFATAH: And one of the most interesting stories that I came across, Ramtin, that I don't think I've told you about yet was the story of this American guy who actually fought in Iran's Constitutional Revolution.

ARABLOUEI: What? Really?

ABDELFATAH: Yeah. His name was...

NOROUZI: Howard Baskerville.

ABDELFATAH: Howard Baskerville.

NOROUZI: Who was a graduate of Princeton University seminary school.

VAKIL: Baskerville was an American missionary64. And in this period, there was a lot of missionary activity coming from the United States. They would support education in various countries throughout the Middle East.

NOROUZI: He came to Iran, and he identified with their plight65. And Baskerville wanted to go and fight.

ABDELFATAH: On the side of the constitutionalists?

NOROUZI: Exactly.

ABDELFATAH: But the U.S. representative in Iran begged Baskerville not to join the fight.

NOROUZI: He came to him and yelled at him, no, you can't do that, you know. You shouldn't get involved in civil war of other countries. You came here to help, you know. But he wouldn't listen. And then he threatened him that, if you go and involve yourself in the war, I take away your passport.

He said, OK, this is my passport. He threw it at him. He said, no, just because I was born in America, that doesn't mean I'm better than them. I'm like them. I'm going to fight for them, for their cause, and that this is a good cause.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

NOROUZI: Unfortunately, he dies, just the first hour of a battle. And by the way, Baskerville, his sculpture was installed in constitutional hall in Tabriz, and his tomb is like a worship place. So Iranians extrapolated this missionary's action to America as a government. So what I'm saying is that American left a very good impression in Iran. Iranians loved it.

ABDELFATAH: I had never heard of this guy, Howard Baskerville.

ARABLOUEI: Neither had I before this. I mean, it's really wild to think that this guy would have laid down his life for Iran's Constitutional Revolution. Like, think about it. How many Americans at that time even knew where Iran was, let alone go over there and fight?

ABDELFATAH: Right. And it's interesting because at that time, Britain and the shah were the bad guys, but America was kind of an ally in their fight.

ARABLOUEI: Yeah. Yeah, exactly - until they got involved.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: In the days after the coup attempt, however, all that seemed to matter was that Mossadegh was a man of the people and that he was still in power. But out of sight, a new plot against Mossadegh was brewing66.

ABDELFATAH: Kermit Roosevelt's plan B.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: August 19.

ABDELFATAH: 1953.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #7: Attention is focused once again on the Middle East, where events in Iran have taken a dramatic double twist.

ARABLOUEI: During the three days after the shah fled and Roosevelt's coup attempt failed...

ABDELFATAH: ...Roosevelt set the stage for his second coup attempt. And on August 19, it began.

ARABLOUEI: Hundreds and hundreds of rioters filled the streets of Tehran. And, in a word, it was chaos.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #7: Three hundred killed and hundreds wounded is a conservative estimate.

KINZER: And his plan was this. First of all, hire gangs of Iranians through people who controlled criminal protection rackets, and pay them to go out on the street and cause chaos.

ABDELFATAH: So Roosevelt actually paid criminals and gang members to storm into the city.

ARABLOUEI: Beat up people in the streets.

ABDELFATAH: Break shop windows.

KINZER: Shoot your guns into mosques67.

ABDELFATAH: And while doing all that, yell...

KINZER: We love Mossadegh. We love communism.

ARABLOUEI: And then...

KINZER: He hired a second mob to attack the first mob.

ARABLOUEI: Which led to bloody, violent clashes between the two mobs.

ABDELFATAH: And the really trippy thing was that everybody involved...

KINZER: Everybody involved in the battles was being paid to be there. But what they didn't know was they were being paid by the same source.

ARABLOUEI: The CIA. And all of this was designed to create confusion and to signal that Mossadegh was the source of the violence in the country, that he was losing control, which was becoming more and more true.

KINZER: Mossadegh refused to send the police out because he said, well, they're peaceful demonstrators. People should be allowed to say what they want. He truly was too naive68 to grasp what was happening.

ABDELFATAH: And this brings us to the final part Roosevelt's plan, to get rid of Mossadegh once and for all. Roosevelt ordered both mobs to head to Mossadegh's house.

KINZER: So a giant crowd surrounded Mossadegh's house.

ABDELFATAH: Shouting insults and throwing stones.

KINZER: Then who should show up but several police and military commanders, including a couple with tanks, people who Kermit Roosevelt had bribed69 to participate?

ABDELFATAH: Those officers began opening fire on Mossadegh's house while, inside, Mossadegh and a few of his closest advisers70 huddled71 together.

KINZER: Tells them, I want to die here in the house.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

KINZER: But somehow they managed to drag him out a back window. They got him over a fence. He fled. The house was looted. And immediately thereafter, Kermit Roosevelt went to get his savior general, who he'd been hiding in a safe house, brought the guy to a radio station. And the guy proclaimed himself as the new leader of Iran.

(SOUNDBITE OF RADIO BROADCAST)

FAZLOLLAH ZAHEDI: (Foreign language spoken).

ARABLOUEI: So this guy, General Zahedi, was put in power as a placeholder until the shah - who, remember, had fled to Rome - could return. Mossadegh eventually turned himself in. And just like that, with a couple of chess moves, Kermit Roosevelt's plan ushered72 Iran into a new era.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #8: The shah, who had fled to Rome, comes home backed by a General Zahedi, military strongman, who engineered his return to power.

ARABLOUEI: Everything Mossadegh was, the shah was not.

ABDELFATAH: Which isn't really surprising given the corruption of the shahs.

ARABLOUEI: The shah then ruled over Iran like a dictator for 25 years. And the Western powers, including the U.S., didn't really care because he gave them easy access to Iran's oil.

ABDELFATAH: During that time, the shah did everything in his power to get rid of any trace of the Mossadegh era.

NOROUZI: Mossadegh's name was banned.

ARABLOUEI: Again, Dr. Norouzi.

NOROUZI: You don't hear anything about Mossadegh after the coup. And that was - that was the time I was actually in high school. I don't remember anything, you know, much.

ARABLOUEI: Mossadegh, the coup, they were off-limits, things that the Iranian government wanted people to forget.

ABDELFATAH: Under these conditions, Mossadegh became a sort of legend, a symbol of Iran's lost potential.

ARABLOUEI: The CIA only officially acknowledged its role in the coup in 2013, 60 years later.

ABDELFATAH: In case you're wondering what happened to Mossadegh...

KINZER: So he turned himself in.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #9: In the quick shift of power, Mossadegh was finally apprehended73 and awaits trial for treason.

KINZER: And was placed on trial, was convicted of treason and sentenced to a prison term followed by life under house arrest. A couple of his closest advisers were executed. There were hundreds of other executions of people who were suspected to be disloyal in the military. And Mossadegh remained almost a taboo74 figure, almost - for the rest of his life.

ABDELFATAH: As for Kermit Roosevelt...

KINZER: Kermit Roosevelt stayed in Tehran to wait for the shah to come back from Rome and then arranged a farewell meeting with the shah before leaving Iran. The shah greeted him with a toast. And he said, I owe my throne to God, my people and you. He was right - although, it might not be the right order.

So Kermit Roosevelt went home. And of course, he was welcomed jubilantly back in Washington as kind of a conquering hero. He went on to more years at the CIA, then later left, became an oil consultant75.

ABDELFATAH: Oh, and speaking of oil, the holy grail of resources that started this whole thing, as you might expect, Iranians still ended up with a pretty bad deal after the coup was said and done.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #10: Iranian oil may again flow westward76.

(SOUNDBITE OF PROTEST)

UNIDENTIFIED PROTESTERS: (Chanting in foreign language).

ARABLOUEI: OK, so given all this...

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #11: Fundamentalism took hold...

ARABLOUEI: ...Resentment77 built up against the shah.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #11: The shah declared martial78 law in most of Iran...

ARABLOUEI: And in 1979...

(SOUNDBITE OF PROTEST)

UNIDENTIFIED PROTESTERS: (Chanting in foreign language).

ARABLOUEI: Iranians reached a breaking point and revolted against the shah.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

UNIDENTIFIED PROTESTERS: (Chanting in foreign language).

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #12: The crowd shouted, death to the shah.

ARABLOUEI: The shah fled Iran. And the clergy assumed control of the country. That same year, a hostage crisis unfolded at the American Embassy.

(SOUNDBITE OF NEWS MONTAGE)

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #13: CBS News. Young Iranians described as students acting79 with the blessing80 of Ayatollah Khomeini have occupied the American Embassy in Tehran.

UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #14: After 30 days of unsuccessfully trying to get the American hostages out of Iran, the government of the United States is now trying to get the deposed81 Shah of Iran out of this country. And there is no sign tonight that either problem is likely to be solved soon.

ROYA HAKAKIAN: So in 1979, the 1953 coup was invoked82 as justification83 for seizing the American Embassy. The argument was, at the time, that these diplomats84, these American diplomats inside the embassy, were about to do what Americans had done in Iran overthrowing85 Mossadegh and restoring the shah. And they were about to do the same thing, and therefore, they justified86 to the public why they needed to shut the embassy down.

ABDELFATAH: This is Roya Hakakian. She writes a lot about this time in Iran's history, and the subject is deeply personal for her.

HAKAKIAN: As someone who was born and raised in Iran during the tumultuous years of the Iranian revolution and its aftermath.

ABDELFATAH: And Roya challenged everything we thought we knew about this story because up until now, we thought the basic story was this. Pre-1953, U.S. and Iran are pretty chill. Britain is the bad guy. 1953 coup happens. The U.S. installs a dictator in Iran. And eventually, the people respond with a revolution and hostage crisis. And the U.S. and Iran become mortal enemies.

HAKAKIAN: So that is the narrative87 that was presented at the time. It was wrong for the U.S. to intervene. But at the same time, this isn't the whole story. And it tells only a very small part of why Iran has been stuck in this place for so long.

ABDELFATAH: Roya says that narrative lets one group off the hook way too easily - Iran's clergy.

HAKAKIAN: A piece that's missing from the way this narrative has been told is the fact that Kermit Roosevelt decides - very wisely, obviously - to go pay a visit to the Grand Ayatollah Behbahani in Tehran. And, you know, history changes course after he does that.

ABDELFATAH: So remember when Roosevelt got help from the mullahs to carry out his plan B after that first coup attempt failed? Well, Roya thinks that moment was the real game-changer. She says Iran's clergy has been conspiring88 behind the scenes for a long time to oppose democracy in Iran.

ARABLOUEI: She says they saw a chance to undermine democracy in 1953. And then, in 1979, when it seemed like democracy would be the result of the revolution, they saw another opportunity to take power. And they did this all while invoking89 Mossadegh's name.

HAKAKIAN: Yes. Yes, it's really, truly ironic90 because by 1979, Mossadegh is long dead. But his legacy91 is not. So while he himself was completely axed by the clerical powers at the time, his narrative, his legacy, became very useful to the regime.

ABDELFATAH: In other words, it's a mistake to put all the blame for Iran's problems on the U.S. intervention92 in 1953, that the Iranian clergy have played a part too.

ARABLOUEI: I hear what Roya's saying. Iran's mullahs have definitely done a number on the country. And there's plenty of blame to go around between the U.S. and Iran, especially since 1979.

ABDELFATAH: There's a long list of back-and-forth grievances93 that have added to and fueled the tension.

ARABLOUEI: But you can still make the argument that the original sin of the U.S.-Iran relationship was what happened in August, 1953.

ABDELFATAH: And that that set the tone for everything to follow.

KINZER: In the United States, U.S.-Iran relations begin and end with the hostage crisis. That's the moment that is the key turning point and the source of everything. From the Iranian perspective, things are very different. Iranian and American perceptions, they're like parallel train tracks that just keep running parallel. They never coincide.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ARABLOUEI: That's it for our first episode. I'm Ramtin Arablouei.

ABDELFATAH: I'm Rund Abdelfatah.

ARABLOUEI: And you've been listening to THROUGHLINE.

ABDELFATAH: Our show was produced by me and Ramtin.

ARABLOUEI: Our team includes...

JAMIE YORK, BYLINE94: Jamie York.

JORDANA HOCHMAN, BYLINE: Jordana Hochman.

LAWRENCE WU, BYLINE: Lawrence Wu.

MICHELLE LANZ, BYLINE: Yo, yo, yo, it's Michelle Lanz.

N'JERI EATON, BYLINE: N'Jeri Eaton.

ARABLOUEI: Thank you also to Larry Kaplow for his editing help and Greta Pittenger for her help fact-checking.

ABDELFATAH: Our music was composed by Drop Electric.

ARABLOUEI: And special thanks to Anya Grunmann.

ABDELFATAH: Chris Turpin.

ARABLOUEI: Mathilde Piard.

ABDELFATAH: And Steve Nelson.

ARABLOUEI: For working so hard to make this show a reality.

ABDELFATAH: And Nader Arablouei, Ramtin's dad, who helped us out with some translations.

ARABLOUEI: Finally, a big...

ABDELFATAH: ...Huge...

ARABLOUEI: ...Massive shout out to Guy Raz.

ABDELFATAH: Jeff Rogers.

ARABLOUEI: Neva Grant.

ABDELFATAH: Sanaz Meshkinpour.

ARABLOUEI: And the whole TED2 Radio Hour and How I Built This team.

ABDELFATAH: For teaching us how to make radio.

If you like the show, please leave us a review on iTunes.

ARABLOUEI: And tell your friends to subscribe95. And let's keep the conversation going. If you have an idea or thoughts on the episode, hit us up on Twitter, @throughlinenpr, or send us an email to [email protected].

ABDELFATAH: Thanks for listening.


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 anticipation iMTyh     
n.预期,预料,期望
参考例句:
  • We waited at the station in anticipation of her arrival.我们在车站等着,期待她的到来。
  • The animals grew restless as if in anticipation of an earthquake.各种动物都变得焦躁不安,像是感到了地震即将发生。
2 ted 9gazhs     
vt.翻晒,撒,撒开
参考例句:
  • The invaders gut ted the village.侵略者把村中财物洗劫一空。
  • She often teds the corn when it's sunny.天好的时候她就翻晒玉米。
3 undoubtedly Mfjz6l     
adv.确实地,无疑地
参考例句:
  • It is undoubtedly she who has said that.这话明明是她说的。
  • He is undoubtedly the pride of China.毫无疑问他是中国的骄傲。
4 coup co5z4     
n.政变;突然而成功的行动
参考例句:
  • The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
  • That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。
5 premier R19z3     
adj.首要的;n.总理,首相
参考例句:
  • The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
  • He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。
6 testimony zpbwO     
n.证词;见证,证明
参考例句:
  • The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
  • He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。
7 bloody kWHza     
adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染
参考例句:
  • He got a bloody nose in the fight.他在打斗中被打得鼻子流血。
  • He is a bloody fool.他是一个十足的笨蛋。
8 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
9 frustrated ksWz5t     
adj.挫败的,失意的,泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 );挫败;使受挫折;令人沮丧
参考例句:
  • It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
  • The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 conspiracy NpczE     
n.阴谋,密谋,共谋
参考例句:
  • The men were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.这些人被裁决犯有阴谋杀人罪。
  • He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.他声称这一切都是一场针对他的阴谋。
11 interfere b5lx0     
v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰
参考例句:
  • If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话,可能弊多利少。
  • When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件,棘手的事情就来了。
12 hitch UcGxu     
v.免费搭(车旅行);系住;急提;n.故障;急拉
参考例句:
  • They had an eighty-mile journey and decided to hitch hike.他们要走80英里的路程,最后决定搭便车。
  • All the candidates are able to answer the questions without any hitch.所有报考者都能对答如流。
13 ivy x31ys     
n.常青藤,常春藤
参考例句:
  • Her wedding bouquet consisted of roses and ivy.她的婚礼花篮包括玫瑰和长春藤。
  • The wall is covered all over with ivy.墙上爬满了常春藤。
14 forum cilx0     
n.论坛,讨论会
参考例句:
  • They're holding a forum on new ways of teaching history.他们正在举行历史教学讨论会。
  • The organisation would provide a forum where problems could be discussed.这个组织将提供一个可以讨论问题的平台。
15 overthrow PKDxo     
v.推翻,打倒,颠覆;n.推翻,瓦解,颠覆
参考例句:
  • After the overthrow of the government,the country was in chaos.政府被推翻后,这个国家处于混乱中。
  • The overthrow of his plans left him much discouraged.他的计划的失败使得他很气馁。
16 bribes f3132f875c572eefabf4271b3ea7b2ca     
n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 );向(某人)行贿,贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 );向(某人)行贿,贿赂
参考例句:
  • It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
  • corrupt officials accepting bribes 接受贿赂的贪官污吏
17 corrupt 4zTxn     
v.贿赂,收买;adj.腐败的,贪污的
参考例句:
  • The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
  • This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。
18 columnists 4b0c463dbee83e5632e77c6f9c00ae3f     
n.专栏作家( columnist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • This story will be more fodder for the gossip columnists. 这个传闻会是闲谈专栏作家的又一素材。
  • The columnists coined the phrase \"to broderick\", meaning to rough up. 专栏作家们杜撰出一个新词“布罗德里克”意思是“动武”、“打架”。 来自辞典例句
19 payroll YmQzUB     
n.工资表,在职人员名单,工薪总额
参考例句:
  • His yearly payroll is $1.2 million.他的年薪是120万美元。
  • I can't wait to get my payroll check.我真等不及拿到我的工资单了。
20 outrage hvOyI     
n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒;vt.凌辱,激怒
参考例句:
  • When he heard the news he reacted with a sense of outrage.他得悉此事时义愤填膺。
  • We should never forget the outrage committed by the Japanese invaders.我们永远都不应该忘记日本侵略者犯下的暴行。
21 memoir O7Hz7     
n.[pl.]回忆录,自传;记事录
参考例句:
  • He has just published a memoir in honour of his captain.他刚刚出了一本传记来纪念他的队长。
  • In her memoir,the actress wrote about the bittersweet memories of her first love.在那个女演员的自传中,她写到了自己苦乐掺半的初恋。
22 analysts 167ff30c5034ca70abe2d60a6e760448     
分析家,化验员( analyst的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
  • I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。
23 covert voxz0     
adj.隐藏的;暗地里的
参考例句:
  • We should learn to fight with enemy in an overt and covert way.我们应学会同敌人做公开和隐蔽的斗争。
  • The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months.军队对这座建筑物进行了数月的秘密监视。
24 atheist 0vbzU     
n.无神论者
参考例句:
  • She was an atheist but now she says she's seen the light.她本来是个无神论者,可是现在她说自己的信仰改变了。
  • He is admittedly an atheist.他被公认是位无神论者。
25 clergy SnZy2     
n.[总称]牧师,神职人员
参考例句:
  • I could heartily wish that more of our country clergy would follow this example.我衷心希望,我国有更多的牧师效法这个榜样。
  • All the local clergy attended the ceremony.当地所有的牧师出席了仪式。
26 bribing 2a05f9cab5c720b18ca579795979a581     
贿赂
参考例句:
  • He tried to escape by bribing the guard. 他企图贿赂警卫而逃走。
  • Always a new way of bribing unknown and maybe nonexistent forces. 总是用诸如此类的新方法来讨好那不知名的、甚或根本不存在的魔力。 来自英汉非文学 - 科幻
27 tactic Yqowc     
n.战略,策略;adj.战术的,有策略的
参考例句:
  • Reducing prices is a common sales tactic.降价是常用的销售策略。
  • She had often used the tactic of threatening to resign.她惯用以辞职相威胁的手法。
28 consolidate XYkyV     
v.使加固,使加强;(把...)联为一体,合并
参考例句:
  • The two banks will consolidate in July next year. 这两家银行明年7月将合并。
  • The government hoped to consolidate ten states to form three new ones.政府希望把十个州合并成三个新的州。
29 chaos 7bZyz     
n.混乱,无秩序
参考例句:
  • After the failure of electricity supply the city was in chaos.停电后,城市一片混乱。
  • The typhoon left chaos behind it.台风后一片混乱。
30 treasury 7GeyP     
n.宝库;国库,金库;文库
参考例句:
  • The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
  • This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。
31 banking aySz20     
n.银行业,银行学,金融业
参考例句:
  • John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
  • He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。
32 petroleum WiUyi     
n.原油,石油
参考例句:
  • The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
33 lucrative dADxp     
adj.赚钱的,可获利的
参考例句:
  • He decided to turn his hobby into a lucrative sideline.他决定把自己的爱好变成赚钱的副业。
  • It was not a lucrative profession.那是一个没有多少油水的职业。
34 negotiations af4b5f3e98e178dd3c4bac64b625ecd0     
协商( negotiation的名词复数 ); 谈判; 完成(难事); 通过
参考例句:
  • negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
  • Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。
35 embargo OqixW     
n.禁运(令);vt.对...实行禁运,禁止(通商)
参考例句:
  • This country put an oil embargo on an enemy country.该国对敌国实行石油禁运。
  • During the war,they laid an embargo on commerce with enemy countries.在战争期间,他们禁止与敌国通商。
36 adamant FywzQ     
adj.坚硬的,固执的
参考例句:
  • We are adamant on the building of a well-off society.在建设小康社会这一点上,我们是坚定不移的。
  • Veronica was quite adamant that they should stay on.维罗妮卡坚信他们必须继续留下去。
37 mediator uCkxk     
n.调解人,中介人
参考例句:
  • He always takes the role of a mediator in any dispute.他总是在争论中充当调停人的角色。
  • He will appear in the role of mediator.他将出演调停者。
38 essentially nntxw     
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上
参考例句:
  • Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
  • She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。
39 Soviet Sw9wR     
adj.苏联的,苏维埃的;n.苏维埃
参考例句:
  • Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
  • Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
40 tuned b40b43fd5af2db4fbfeb4e83856e4876     
adj.调谐的,已调谐的v.调音( tune的过去式和过去分词 );调整;(给收音机、电视等)调谐;使协调
参考例句:
  • The resort is tuned in to the tastes of young and old alike. 这个度假胜地适合各种口味,老少皆宜。
  • The instruments should be tuned up before each performance. 每次演出开始前都应将乐器调好音。 来自《简明英汉词典》
41 hopped 91b136feb9c3ae690a1c2672986faa1c     
跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 ); 单足蹦跳; 齐足(或双足)跳行; 摘葎草花
参考例句:
  • He hopped onto a car and wanted to drive to town. 他跳上汽车想开向市区。
  • He hopped into a car and drove to town. 他跳进汽车,向市区开去。
42 mentality PoIzHP     
n.心理,思想,脑力
参考例句:
  • He has many years'experience of the criminal mentality.他研究犯罪心理有多年经验。
  • Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee.经营企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。
43 momentary hj3ya     
adj.片刻的,瞬息的;短暂的
参考例句:
  • We are in momentary expectation of the arrival of you.我们无时无刻不在盼望你的到来。
  • I caught a momentary glimpse of them.我瞥了他们一眼。
44 retired Njhzyv     
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的
参考例句:
  • The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
  • Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
45 bullied 2225065183ebf4326f236cf6e2003ccc     
adj.被欺负了v.恐吓,威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • My son is being bullied at school. 我儿子在学校里受欺负。
  • The boy bullied the small girl into giving him all her money. 那男孩威逼那个小女孩把所有的钱都给他。 来自《简明英汉词典》
46 mythical 4FrxJ     
adj.神话的;虚构的;想像的
参考例句:
  • Undeniably,he is a man of mythical status.不可否认,他是一个神话般的人物。
  • Their wealth is merely mythical.他们的财富完全是虚构的。
47 aristocrat uvRzb     
n.贵族,有贵族气派的人,上层人物
参考例句:
  • He was the quintessential english aristocrat.他是典型的英国贵族。
  • He is an aristocrat to the very marrow of his bones.他是一个道道地地的贵族。
48 subjugate aHMzx     
v.征服;抑制
参考例句:
  • Imperialism has not been able to subjugate China.帝国主义不能征服中国。
  • After having been subjugated to ambition,your maternal instincts are at last starting to assert themselves.你那被雄心壮志压制已久的母性本能终于开始展现出来。
49 outraged VmHz8n     
a.震惊的,义愤填膺的
参考例句:
  • Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of the assassination. 议会议员们被这暗杀的消息激怒了。
  • He was outraged by their behavior. 他们的行为使他感到愤慨。
50 injustices 47618adc5b0dbc9166e4f2523e1d217c     
不公平( injustice的名词复数 ); 非正义; 待…不公正; 冤枉
参考例句:
  • One who committed many injustices is doomed to failure. 多行不义必自毙。
  • He felt confident that his injustices would be righted. 他相信他的冤屈会受到昭雪的。
51 anecdotes anecdotes     
n.掌故,趣闻,轶事( anecdote的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • amusing anecdotes about his brief career as an actor 关于他短暂演员生涯的趣闻逸事
  • He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman. 他讲述自己初任议员那几年的几则轶事。 来自《简明英汉词典》
52 pajamas XmvzDN     
n.睡衣裤
参考例句:
  • At bedtime,I take off my clothes and put on my pajamas.睡觉时,我脱去衣服,换上睡衣。
  • He was wearing striped pajamas.他穿着带条纹的睡衣裤。
53 prone 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
54 erratic ainzj     
adj.古怪的,反复无常的,不稳定的
参考例句:
  • The old man had always been cranky and erratic.那老头儿性情古怪,反复无常。
  • The erratic fluctuation of market prices is in consequence of unstable economy.经济波动致使市场物价忽起忽落。
55 curtail TYTzO     
vt.截短,缩短;削减
参考例句:
  • The government hopes to curtail public spending.政府希望缩减公共事业开支。
  • The minister had to curtail his visit.部长不得不缩短访问日期。
56 monarchical monarchical     
adj. 国王的,帝王的,君主的,拥护君主制的 =monarchic
参考例句:
  • The Declaration represented a repudiation of the pre-Revolutionary monarchical regime. 这一宣言代表了对大革命前的君主政体的批判。
  • The monarchical period established an essential background for the writing prophets of the Bible. 王国时期为圣经的写作先知建立了基本的背景。
57 remarkable 8Vbx6     
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
参考例句:
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
58 corruption TzCxn     
n.腐败,堕落,贪污
参考例句:
  • The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
  • The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。
59 asylum DobyD     
n.避难所,庇护所,避难
参考例句:
  • The people ask for political asylum.人们请求政治避难。
  • Having sought asylum in the West for many years,they were eventually granted it.他们最终获得了在西方寻求多年的避难权。
60 guardian 8ekxv     
n.监护人;守卫者,保护者
参考例句:
  • The form must be signed by the child's parents or guardian. 这张表格须由孩子的家长或监护人签字。
  • The press is a guardian of the public weal. 报刊是公共福利的卫护者。
61 coalition pWlyi     
n.结合体,同盟,结合,联合
参考例句:
  • The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
  • Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。
62 bazaar 3Qoyt     
n.集市,商店集中区
参考例句:
  • Chickens,goats and rabbits were offered for barter at the bazaar.在集市上,鸡、山羊和兔子被摆出来作物物交换之用。
  • We bargained for a beautiful rug in the bazaar.我们在集市通过讨价还价买到了一条很漂亮的地毯。
63 monarchy e6Azi     
n.君主,最高统治者;君主政体,君主国
参考例句:
  • The monarchy in England plays an important role in British culture.英格兰的君主政体在英国文化中起重要作用。
  • The power of the monarchy in Britain today is more symbolical than real.今日英国君主的权力多为象徵性的,无甚实际意义。
64 missionary ID8xX     
adj.教会的,传教(士)的;n.传教士
参考例句:
  • She taught in a missionary school for a couple of years.她在一所教会学校教了两年书。
  • I hope every member understands the value of missionary work. 我希望教友都了解传教工作的价值。
65 plight 820zI     
n.困境,境况,誓约,艰难;vt.宣誓,保证,约定
参考例句:
  • The leader was much concerned over the plight of the refugees.那位领袖对难民的困境很担忧。
  • She was in a most helpless plight.她真不知如何是好。
66 brewing eaabd83324a59add9a6769131bdf81b5     
n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • It was obvious that a big storm was brewing up. 很显然,一场暴风雨正在酝酿中。
  • She set about brewing some herb tea. 她动手泡一些药茶。
67 mosques 5bbcef619041769ff61b4ff91237b6a0     
清真寺; 伊斯兰教寺院,清真寺; 清真寺,伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Why make us believe that this tunnel runs underneath the mosques? 为什么要让我们相信这条隧洞是在清真寺下?
  • The city's three biggest mosques, long fallen into disrepair, have been renovated. 城里最大的三座清真寺,过去年久失修,现在已经修复。
68 naive yFVxO     
adj.幼稚的,轻信的;天真的
参考例句:
  • It's naive of you to believe he'll do what he says.相信他会言行一致,你未免太单纯了。
  • Don't be naive.The matter is not so simple.你别傻乎乎的。事情没有那么简单。
69 bribed 1382e59252debbc5bd32a2d1f691bd0f     
v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 );向(某人)行贿,贿赂
参考例句:
  • They bribed him with costly presents. 他们用贵重的礼物贿赂他。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • He bribed himself onto the committee. 他暗通关节,钻营投机挤进了委员会。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
70 advisers d4866a794d72d2a666da4e4803fdbf2e     
顾问,劝告者( adviser的名词复数 ); (指导大学新生学科问题等的)指导教授
参考例句:
  • a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
  • She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。
71 huddled 39b87f9ca342d61fe478b5034beb4139     
挤在一起(huddle的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • We huddled together for warmth. 我们挤在一块取暖。
  • We huddled together to keep warm. 我们挤在一起来保暖。
72 ushered d337b3442ea0cc4312a5950ae8911282     
v.引,领,陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The secretary ushered me into his office. 秘书把我领进他的办公室。
  • A round of parties ushered in the New Year. 一系列的晚会迎来了新年。 来自《简明英汉词典》
73 apprehended a58714d8af72af24c9ef953885c38a66     
逮捕,拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 ); 理解
参考例句:
  • She apprehended the complicated law very quickly. 她很快理解了复杂的法律。
  • The police apprehended the criminal. 警察逮捕了罪犯。
74 taboo aqBwg     
n.禁忌,禁止接近,禁止使用;adj.禁忌的;v.禁忌,禁制,禁止
参考例句:
  • The rude words are taboo in ordinary conversation.这些粗野的字眼在日常谈话中是禁忌的。
  • Is there a taboo against sex before marriage in your society?在你们的社会里,婚前的性行为犯禁吗?
75 consultant 2v0zp3     
n.顾问;会诊医师,专科医生
参考例句:
  • He is a consultant on law affairs to the mayor.他是市长的一个法律顾问。
  • Originally,Gar had agreed to come up as a consultant.原来,加尔只答应来充当我们的顾问。
76 westward XIvyz     
n.西方,西部;adj.西方的,向西的;adv.向西
参考例句:
  • We live on the westward slope of the hill.我们住在这座山的西山坡。
  • Explore westward or wherever.向西或到什么别的地方去勘探。
77 resentment 4sgyv     
n.怨愤,忿恨
参考例句:
  • All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
  • She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。
78 martial bBbx7     
adj.战争的,军事的,尚武的,威武的
参考例句:
  • The sound of martial music is always inspiring.军乐声总是鼓舞人心的。
  • The officer was convicted of desertion at a court martial.这名军官在军事法庭上被判犯了擅离职守罪。
79 acting czRzoc     
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
参考例句:
  • Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
  • During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。
80 blessing UxDztJ     
n.祈神赐福;祷告;祝福,祝愿
参考例句:
  • The blessing was said in Hebrew.祷告用了希伯来语。
  • A double blessing has descended upon the house.双喜临门。
81 deposed 4c31bf6e65f0ee73c1198c7dbedfd519     
v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 );(在法庭上)宣誓作证
参考例句:
  • The president was deposed in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被废黜。
  • The head of state was deposed by the army. 国家元首被军队罢免了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
82 invoked fabb19b279de1e206fa6d493923723ba     
v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 );行使(权利等);祈求救助;恳求
参考例句:
  • It is unlikely that libel laws will be invoked. 不大可能诉诸诽谤法。
  • She had invoked the law in her own defence. 她援引法律为自己辩护。 来自《简明英汉词典》
83 justification x32xQ     
n.正当的理由;辩解的理由
参考例句:
  • There's no justification for dividing the company into smaller units. 没有理由把公司划分成小单位。
  • In the young there is a justification for this feeling. 在年轻人中有这种感觉是有理由的。
84 diplomats ccde388e31f0f3bd6f4704d76a1c3319     
n.外交官( diplomat的名词复数 );有手腕的人,善于交际的人
参考例句:
  • These events led to the expulsion of senior diplomats from the country. 这些事件导致一些高级外交官被驱逐出境。
  • The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对驻本国的外交官无裁判权。 来自《简明英汉词典》
85 overthrowing e8784bd53afd207408e5cfabc4d2e9be     
v.打倒,推翻( overthrow的现在分词 );使终止
参考例句:
  • They succeeded in overthrowing the fascist dictatorship. 他们成功推翻了法西斯独裁统治。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I always delight in overthrowing those kinds of schemes. 我一向喜欢戳穿人家的诡计。 来自辞典例句
86 justified 7pSzrk     
a.正当的,有理的
参考例句:
  • She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
  • The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。
87 narrative CFmxS     
n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的
参考例句:
  • He was a writer of great narrative power.他是一位颇有记述能力的作家。
  • Neither author was very strong on narrative.两个作者都不是很善于讲故事。
88 conspiring 6ea0abd4b4aba2784a9aa29dd5b24fa0     
密谋( conspire的现在分词 ); 搞阴谋; (事件等)巧合; 共同导致
参考例句:
  • They were accused of conspiring against the king. 他们被指控阴谋反对国王。
  • John Brown and his associates were tried for conspiring to overthrow the slave states. 约翰·布朗和他的合伙者们由于密谋推翻实行奴隶制度的美国各州而被审讯。
89 invoking ac7bba2a53612f6fe1454f6397475d24     
v.援引( invoke的现在分词 );行使(权利等);祈求救助;恳求
参考例句:
  • You can customise the behavior of the Asynchronous Server and hence re-brand it by defining your own command set for invoking services. 通过定义自己调用服务的命令集,您可以定制自定义异步服务器的行为,通过为调用服务定义自己的命令集从而对它重新标记。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • You can customize the behavior of the Asynchronous Server and hence re-brand it by defining your own command set for invoking services. 通过定义自己调用服务的命令集,您可以定制自定义异步服务器的行为,通过为调用服务定义自己的命令集从而对它重新标记。 来自辞典例句
90 ironic 1atzm     
adj.讽刺的,有讽刺意味的,出乎意料的
参考例句:
  • That is a summary and ironic end.那是一个具有概括性和讽刺意味的结局。
  • People used to call me Mr Popularity at high school,but they were being ironic.人们中学时常把我称作“万人迷先生”,但他们是在挖苦我。
91 legacy 59YzD     
n.遗产,遗赠;先人(或过去)留下的东西
参考例句:
  • They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
  • He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。
92 intervention e5sxZ     
n.介入,干涉,干预
参考例句:
  • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
  • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
93 grievances 3c61e53d74bee3976a6674a59acef792     
n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 );苦衷;不满;牢骚
参考例句:
  • The trade union leader spoke about the grievances of the workers. 工会领袖述说工人们的苦情。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • He gave air to his grievances. 他申诉了他的冤情。 来自《简明英汉词典》
94 byline sSXyQ     
n.署名;v.署名
参考例句:
  • His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
  • We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。
95 subscribe 6Hozu     
vi.(to)订阅,订购;同意;vt.捐助,赞助
参考例句:
  • I heartily subscribe to that sentiment.我十分赞同那个观点。
  • The magazine is trying to get more readers to subscribe.该杂志正大力发展新订户。
本文本内容来源于互联网抓取和网友提交,仅供参考,部分栏目没有内容,如果您有更合适的内容,欢迎点击提交分享给大家。
------分隔线----------------------------
TAG标签:   NPR  美国国家电台  英语听力
顶一下
(0)
0%
踩一下
(0)
0%
最新评论 查看所有评论
发表评论 查看所有评论
请自觉遵守互联网相关的政策法规,严禁发布色情、暴力、反动的言论。
评价:
表情:
验证码:
听力搜索
推荐频道
论坛新贴