PBS高端访谈:总结伊朗前总统拉夫桑贾尼的影响

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: On Sunday, one of the founders¹ of the Islamic Revolution in Iran died at age 82.

　　Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani helped to lead the 1979 uprising, and went on to serve both as the powerful speaker of the parliament and as Iran's president in the 1980s. He was also a mentor² of their current president, Hassan Rouhani, who will be up for reelection this May.

　　Joining me now to discuss Rafsanjani, his influence and Iran going forward is Karim Sadjadpour. He's a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

　　Karim, thank you for being back with us.

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR, Carnegie Endowment For International Peace: Thank you. Thank you, Judy.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: What made Rafsanjani the influential³ figure that he was?

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: Well, to begin, he was a close confidant of the father of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini.

　　And I think what was unique about Rafsanjani was that he was always the cleric in Iran who was interested in putting the country's interests, namely, its economic interests, before revolutionary ideology⁴.

　　But he ultimately lost that battle against the current supreme⁵ leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who always believed that the revolutionary ideology should come first.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: And, as you wrote, you have written in the last couple of days, he helped to put Khamenei, the current ayatollah, in power, but almost immediately started trying to get him out of power. It's a fascinating story.

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: It really is. I call it Shiite Shakespeare, like a Shakespearian epic⁶, because he was the kingmaker.

　　He made Khamenei supreme leader in 1989, thinking that he could — he would be weak and pliant⁷ and Rafsanjani could control him. And I think he spent the last three decades of his life trying to wrestle⁸ power back from Khomeini, unsuccessfully.

　　总结伊朗前总统拉夫桑贾尼的影响

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: They were two very different men, weren't they? Why was one successful and the other one wasn't ultimately?

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: Well, I think, ultimately, what was — what made Khamenei successful is, I think he understood an important Machiavellian⁹ rule, which is, in authoritarian¹⁰ regimes, it's much more important to be feared than to be loved.

　　So, Khamenei very carefully over the last couple decades had cultivated the military, the Revolutionary Guard, and so that was deeply helpful to him. At the same time, whereas Khamenei had a reputation for being financially clean, Rafsanjani and his family had a terrible reputation of being economically corrupt¹¹, which provoked a lot of popular resentment¹² against them.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Resentment, and yet you're telling us his death means a great deal for Iran.

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: Well, yes, he was one of the pillars, the last two remaining pillars of the 1979 revolution who played a very important role as a mentor to the younger generation of technocrats¹³, and, as you mentioned, President Hassan Rouhani.

　　And he was kind of a counterweight against more radical¹⁴ forces in Iran. I think that obituary¹⁵ writers are very confused about Rafsanjani, because, on one hand, he was someone who had blood on his hands. He ordered the killing¹⁶ of dissidents and intellectuals within Iran. He was implicated¹⁷ in terrorist operations overseas.

　　But, at the same time, in the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran, he was more moderate than his peers.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, that was my next question: How moderate was he truly?

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: So, in a Western liberal context, he wasn't a Jeffersonian democrat¹⁸, but in the context of Iran, as I said, he favored putting the country's economic interests before revolutionary ideology, which meant things that — that he was supportive of detente with the United States.

　　He was supportive of a cordial relationship with Saudi Arabia. And he differed on these issues of revolutionary ideology, in contrast to the supreme leader.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: I think we mentioned he was a mentor to the current president, President Rouhani.

　　So, what does it mean now that he's gone from the scene? What do you expect to see in the months to come?

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: I think May 2017 will be the first litmus test. That's Iran's presidential elections.

　　I think we have learned in the United States that predicting presidential elections even…

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: We have learned that.

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: We have learned — even in a democratic system is difficult, let alone in an opaque¹⁹, authoritarian system like Iran.

　　You know, I made the comparison, I make the comparison with Bill Clinton. Rafsanjani was an elder statesman of Iranian politics. He served as president of the country. But his political — he didn't have a political future. He had a prominent past.

　　And so I ultimately don't think that this is a game-changer for Iran, in that the powers that be currently, the supreme leader, the Revolutionary Guards, are going to remain the main powers that be. But, you know, an influential counterweight against them has now been removed.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Karim Sadjadpour, thank you very much.

　　KARIM SADJADPOUR: Thank you, Judy.

1 founders   

n.创始人( founder的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He was one of the founders of the university's medical faculty. 他是该大学医学院的创建人之一。 来自辞典例句
• The founders of our religion made this a cornerstone of morality. 我们宗教的创始人把这看作是道德的基石。 来自辞典例句

2 mentor   

n.指导者，良师益友；v.指导

参考例句：

• He fed on the great ideas of his mentor.他以他导师的伟大思想为支撑。
• He had mentored scores of younger doctors.他指导过许多更年轻的医生。

3 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

4 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

5 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

6 epic   

n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的

参考例句：

• I gave up my epic and wrote this little tale instead.我放弃了写叙事诗，而写了这个小故事。
• They held a banquet of epic proportions.他们举行了盛大的宴会。

7 pliant   

adj.顺从的；可弯曲的

参考例句：

• She's proud and stubborn,you know,under that pliant exterior.你要知道，在温顺的外表下，她既自傲又固执。
• They weave a basket out of osiers with pliant young willows.他们用易弯的柳枝编制篮子。

8 wrestle   

vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付

参考例句：

• He taught his little brother how to wrestle.他教他小弟弟如何摔跤。
• We have to wrestle with difficulties.我们必须同困难作斗争。

9 machiavellian   

adj.权谋的，狡诈的

参考例句：

• A Machiavellian plot was suspected.人们怀疑背后有不可告人的阴谋。
• In this layer,Obama implied American policies that are cautious and Machiavellian.在这个层面，奥巴马含蓄地表达了美国的谨慎、权谋的（新）政策。

10 authoritarian   

n./adj.专制(的)，专制主义者，独裁主义者

参考例句：

• Foreign diplomats suspect him of authoritarian tendencies.各国外交官怀疑他有着独裁主义倾向。
• The authoritarian policy wasn't proved to be a success.独裁主义的政策证明并不成功。

11 corrupt   

v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的

参考例句：

• The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
• This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。

12 resentment   

n.怨愤，忿恨

参考例句：

• All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
• She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。

13 technocrats   

n.技术专家，专家政治论者( technocrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Few business barons remained. They were replaced by "technocrats," who became the heads of corporations. 企业巨头所剩无几，大多已被“技术专家”所代替，这些人成了公司的领导。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• However, bankers called the technocrats' bluff and proceeded to lend with gusto. 但是，银行家们称技术专家官员不过在虚张声势，并且还会乐观的继续借贷业务。 来自互联网

14 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

15 obituary   

n.讣告，死亡公告；adj.死亡的

参考例句：

• The obituary records the whole life of the deceased.讣文记述了这位死者的生平。
• Five days after the letter came,he found Andersen s obituary in the morning paper.收到那封信五天后，他在早报上发现了安德森的讣告。

16 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

17 implicated   

adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的

参考例句：

• These groups are very strongly implicated in the violence. 这些组织与这起暴力事件有着极大的关联。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Having the stolen goods in his possession implicated him in the robbery. 因藏有赃物使他涉有偷盗的嫌疑。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

18 democrat   

n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员

参考例句：

• The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
• About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后，他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。

19 opaque   

adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的

参考例句：

• The windows are of opaque glass.这些窗户装着不透明玻璃。
• Their intentions remained opaque.他们的意图仍然令人费解。