PBS高端访谈:脸书和推特受到质疑和批评

JUDY WOODRUFF: Social media under fire. Top executives of tech giants faced off with U.S. lawmakers today. Amna Nawaz reports.

AMNA NAWAZ: A barrage¹ of questions and criticism for the CEOs of Twitter and Facebook, appearing virtually before a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on censorship, disinformation, and the 2020 election.

SEN. MAZIE HIRONO (D-HI): What evidence do you have that these labels are effective in addressing President Trump²'s lies?

SEN. JOSH HAWLEY (R-MO): It is time we took action against these modern-day robber barons³.

AMNA NAWAZ: The tech giants hailed the progress they have made so far. Twitter CEO Jack⁴ Dorsey.

JACK DORSEY, CEO, Twitter: The public asked us to offer additional context to help make potentially misleading information more apparent. We did exactly that.

AMNA NAWAZ: The head of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg.

MARK ZUCKERBERG, Chairman and CEO, Facebook: We have taken down more than 100 networks of bad actors who were trying to coordinate⁵ and interfere⁶ globally. We established a network of independent fact-checkers that covers more than 60 languages.

AMNA NAWAZ: But Senator Richard Blumenthal, Democrat⁷ from Connecticut, insisted that's not enough.

SEN. RICHARD BLUMENTHAL (D-CT): The destructive, incendiary misinformation is still a scourge⁸ on both your platforms and on others.

AMNA NAWAZ: Democrats⁹ largely focused there, how to combat misinformation and disinformation, even when it comes from the president. Two weeks after Election Day, President Trump continues to tweet baseless claims of voter fraud, falsely insisting he won. Both Twitter and Facebook have labeled some of the president's posts as misinformation. Senator Dianne Feinstein, Democrat from California, asked Dorsey about the president's tweet on November, saying -- quote -- I won this election by a lot. Twitter added a label that says -- quote -- Official sources may not have called the race when this was tweeted.

SEN. DIANNE FEINSTEIN (D-CA): Does that label do enough to prevent the tweet's harms, when the tweet is still visible and is not accurate?

JACK DORSEY: I believe it is really important that we show people a broader context, and that is the intention of the label. It is not just text below a tweet. It is a link to connect to a much larger conversation and news articles across the spectrum¹⁰.

AMNA NAWAZ: Republicans today focused their fire on accusations¹¹ of bias¹² against conservative voices. Chairman Lindsey Graham, Republican from South Carolina, first called the hearing after Twitter blocked a New York Post article about Hunter Biden that violated its policy on sharing hacked¹³ materials. After backlash, Twitter reversed course, amending¹⁴ the policy to block only the hackers¹⁵ or their associates, and adding a label to possibly hacked content.

JACK DORSEY: I hope this illustrates¹⁶ the rationale behind our actions and demonstrates our ability to take feedback, admit mistakes and make changes, all transparently¹⁷, to the public.

AMNA NAWAZ: Both Dorsey and Zuckerberg were repeatedly pressed on what content they'd allow and what they'd take down. A Facebook post, for example, by former Trump adviser¹⁸ Steve Bannon called for the beheading of Dr. Anthony Fauci and FBI Director Christopher Wray.

SEN. RICHARD BLUMENTHAL: How many times is Steve Bannon allowed to call for the murder of government officials before Facebook suspends his account?

MARK ZUCKERBERG: The content in question did violate our policies, and we took it down. Having a content violation¹⁹ does not automatically mean your content -- your account gets taken down. And the number of strikes varies depending on the amount -- the type of offense²⁰.

AMNA NAWAZ: But when asked if Facebook would take down Bannon's account altogether?

MARK ZUCKERBERG: Senator, no, that's not what our policies would suggest that we should do.

AMNA NAWAZ: Central to all this, growing calls to reform Section 230 of the Communications Decency²¹ Act, a 1996 rule designed to protect Internet companies from liability.

SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM (R-SC): Do both of you support change to 230, reform of Section 230?

MARK ZUCKERBERG: Senator, I do.

SEN. LINDSEY GRAHAM: Mr. Dorsey?

JACK DORSEY: Yes.

AMNA NAWAZ: With the Georgia special elections looming²² in January, which will determine Senate control, both CEOs pledged continued vigilance. For the PBS NewsHour, I'm Amna Nawaz.

朱迪·伍德乐夫：社交媒体目前受到攻击，今天，科技巨头的高管与美国国会议员进行了会谈。阿姆纳·纳瓦兹为我们报道。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：就在参议院司法委员会就审查制度、虚假信息和2020年大选举行听证会之前，“推特”和“脸书”的首席执行官们受到了一系列的质疑和批评。

参议员玛泽·广野（民主党-夏威夷州）：你有什么证据证明这些标签对解决特朗普总统的谎言有效？

参议员乔希·霍利(共和党-密苏里州)：现在是我们采取行动对付这些现代强盗大亨的时候了。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：这两家科技巨头为他们迄今为止取得的进展而欢呼。推特首席执行官杰克·多尔西。

推特首席执行官杰克·多尔西：公众要求我们提供其它的背景资料来凸显潜在的误导性信息，我们确实做到了。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：脸书的总裁，马克·扎克伯格。

脸书的董事长兼首席执行官马克·扎克伯格：我们已经关闭了100多个试图在全球范围内进行协调和干预的恶意网络，我们建立了一个涵盖60多种语言的独立的事实核查网络。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：但是来自康涅狄格州的民主党参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔坚持认为这还不够。

参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔(民主党-康涅狄格州)：这种具有破坏性和煽动性的错误信息对你的平台和其他人来说仍是一种祸害。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：民主党人主要关注的是如何打击虚假信息，甚至是来自总统的虚假信息。大选日过去两周后，特朗普总统仍在推特上毫无根据地宣称选民欺诈，错误地坚称自己赢了。推特和脸书都认为总统发的一些帖子是虚假信息。来自加州的民主党参议员黛安·范斯坦询问了多尔西关于总统在11月发布的“我以很大优势赢得了这次选举”这一推特消息。推特添加了一个标签，称“该条推文发出时，官方信源可能还未预测出选举结果。”

参议员黛安娜·范斯坦(民主党-加利福尼亚州)：在推文仍然可见但信息虚假的情况下，这个标签是否足以防止推文带来的危害呢？

杰克·多尔西：我觉得向人们展示更广泛的背景信息十分重要，这也是标签存在的意义，它不仅仅是标签下面的文字，它是一个链接，可以连接到范围内更多的评论和新闻文章。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：今天，共和党人将火力集中在对保守派的偏见的指控上。来自南卡罗来纳州的共和党主席林赛·格雷厄姆在推特上屏蔽了《纽约邮报》的一篇有关亨特·拜登的文章后首次召集了听证会，这篇文章违反了其“分享黑客资料”的政策。在遭到强烈反对后，推特改变了做法，修改了政策，只屏蔽黑客或其同伙，并为可能被黑客攻击的内容添加了标签。

杰克·多尔西：我希望这能够表明我们行动背后的原因并显示我们接受反馈、承认错误和做出改变的能力，所有这些都以透明的方式呈现在公众面前。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：多尔西和扎克伯格都被反复追问他们允许哪些发布内容、不允许发布哪些内容。比如特朗普前顾问史蒂夫·班农在脸书上发的一个帖子，该贴呼吁将安东尼·福奇博士和联邦调查局局长克里斯托弗·雷斩首。

参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔：在脸书暂停史蒂夫·班农的账户之前，他有多少次被允许在脸书上呼吁谋杀政府官员？

马克·扎克伯格：有问题的内容确实违反了我们的政策，我们会删除掉，但内容违规并不意味着你的账户会被注销，而打击的次数取决于攻击的类型。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：但当被问及脸书是否会彻底删除班农的账户时？

马克·扎克伯格：参议员，不，我们的政策不建议我们这么做。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：最重要的是，越来越多的人呼吁改革《通信规范法》的第230节。该法案于1996年制定，旨在保护互联网公司免于承担法律责任。

参议员林赛·格雷厄姆：你俩都支持对230条款进行改革吗？

马克·扎克伯格：参议员，我支持。

参议员林赛·格雷厄姆：多尔西先生呢？

杰克·多尔西：我也支持。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：随着明年1月将决定参议院控制权的佐治亚州特别选举的临近，两位首席执行官承诺将持续保持警惕。这里是PBS新闻一小时，我是阿姆纳·纳瓦兹。

1 barrage   

n.火力网，弹幕

参考例句：

• The attack jumped off under cover of a barrage.进攻在炮火的掩护下开始了。
• The fierce artillery barrage destroyed the most part of the city in a few minutes.猛烈的炮火几分钟内便毁灭了这座城市的大部分地区。

2 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

3 barons   

男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨

参考例句：

• The barons of Normandy had refused to countenance the enterprise officially. 诺曼底的贵族们拒绝正式赞助这桩买卖。
• The barons took the oath which Stephen Langton prescribed. 男爵们照斯蒂芬？兰顿的指导宣了誓。

4 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。

5 coordinate   

adj.同等的，协调的；n.同等者；vt.协作，协调

参考例句：

• You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
• Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。

6 interfere   

v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰

参考例句：

• If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话，可能弊多利少。
• When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件，棘手的事情就来了。

7 democrat   

n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员

参考例句：

• The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
• About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后，他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。

8 scourge   

n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏

参考例句：

• Smallpox was once the scourge of the world.天花曾是世界的大患。
• The new boss was the scourge of the inefficient.新老板来了以后，不称职的人就遭殃了。

9 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 spectrum   

n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列

参考例句：

• This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
• We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成，我们已了解不少。

11 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。

12 bias   

n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见

参考例句：

• They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
• He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。

13 hacked   

生气

参考例句：

• I hacked the dead branches off. 我把枯树枝砍掉了。
• I'm really hacked off. 我真是很恼火。

14 amending   

改良，修改，修订( amend的现在分词 )； 改良，修改，修订( amend的第三人称单数 )( amends的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Amending acts in 1933,1934, and 1935 attempted to help honest debtors rehabilitate themselves. 一九三三年，一九三四年和一九三五年通过的修正案是为了帮助诚实的债务人恢复自己的地位。
• Two ways were used about the error-amending of contour curve. 采用两种方法对凸轮轮廓曲线进行了修正。

15 hackers   

n.计算机迷( hacker的名词复数 )；私自存取或篡改电脑资料者，电脑“黑客”

参考例句：

• They think of viruses that infect an organization from the outside.They envision hackers breaking into their information vaults. 他们考虑来自外部的感染公司的病毒，他们设想黑客侵入到信息宝库中。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Arranging a meeting with the hackers took weeks againoff-again email exchanges. 通过几星期电子邮件往来安排见面，他们最终同意了。 来自互联网

16 illustrates   

给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明

参考例句：

• This historical novel illustrates the breaking up of feudal society in microcosm. 这部历史小说是走向崩溃的封建社会的缩影。
• Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. 阿尔弗莱德 - 阿德勒是一位著名的医生，他有过可以说明这点的经历。 来自中级百科部分

17 transparently   

明亮地，显然地，易觉察地

参考例句：

• "Clearly plots,'said Jacques Three. "Transparently!" “显然是搞阴谋，”雅克三号说，“再清楚不过了。” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记
• All design transparently, convenient for the file identification inside the bag. 全透明设计，方便袋内文件识别。

18 adviser   

n.劝告者，顾问

参考例句：

• They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
• Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。

19 violation   

n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯

参考例句：

• He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说，那是违反规则的。
• He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。

20 offense   

n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪

参考例句：

• I hope you will not take any offense at my words. 对我讲的话请别见怪。
• His words gave great offense to everybody present.他的发言冲犯了在场的所有人。

21 decency   

n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重

参考例句：

• His sense of decency and fair play made him refuse the offer.他的正直感和公平竞争意识使他拒绝了这一提议。
• Your behaviour is an affront to public decency.你的行为有伤风化。

22 looming   

n.上现蜃景（光通过低层大气发生异常折射形成的一种海市蜃楼）v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的现在分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近

参考例句：

• The foothills were looming ahead through the haze. 丘陵地带透过薄雾朦胧地出现在眼前。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Then they looked up. Looming above them was Mount Proteome. 接着他们往上看，在其上隐约看到的是蛋白质组山。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 回顾与展望