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This is Scientific American's 60 second science. I'm Steve Mirsky. At the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting at Lindau Germany. This will just take a little bit more time than our usual may?. Edmond Fischer won the Nobel Prize in Physiology¹ of Medicine in 1992 for his discoveries with Edwin Krebs about the way proteins get activated² and cellular³ processes get regulated via a simple process called phosphorylation. Now 91 years old, Fisher spoke⁴ to students at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting about the difference between research when he was working in the 1950s and the way it's conducted today.

Science was conducted in a totally different way. In those days, in fact since the days of Claude Bernard, the Frech physiologist⁵ who first showed the glycogenic action of the pancreas, when observed a physiological⁶ phenomenon, and then one try to detect the factors, enzymes⁸, hormones⁹ responsible for it whereas today, by and large, you see other way around. First enzyme⁷ proteins are discovered, then with the completion of I don't know how many geno sequencing projects, hundreds are being discovered. And then by overexpressing them, knocking them in and out, one tries to determine their function. So to paraphrase¹⁰ B D, we went from 6 functions in search of an enzyme, to hundreds of enzymes and protein in search of a function.

Thanks for the minutes, for Scientific American's sixty second science from the Lindau Nobel Laureate meeting. I'm Steve Mirsky.

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1 physiology
n.生理学，生理机能
参考例句：
He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

2 activated
adj. 激活的动词activate的过去式和过去分词
参考例句：
The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。

3 cellular
adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的
参考例句：
She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。 Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。

4 spoke
n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说
参考例句：
They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。 The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

5 physiologist
n.生理学家
参考例句：
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936). （1849-1936）苏联生理学家，在狗身上观察到唾液条件反射，曾获1904年诺贝尔生理学-医学奖。 The physiologist recently studied indicated that evening exercises beneficially. 生理学家新近研究表明，傍晚锻炼最为有益。

6 physiological
adj.生理学的，生理学上的
参考例句：
He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。 Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。

7 enzyme
n.酵素，酶
参考例句：
Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度，酶分子将会展开。 An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。

8 enzymes
n. 酶，酵素
参考例句：
It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。 Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。

9 hormones
n. 荷尔蒙，激素名词hormone的复数形式
参考例句：
This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。 The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。

10 paraphrase
vt.将…释义，改写；n.释义，意义
参考例句：
You may read the prose paraphrase of this poem.你可以看一下这首诗的散文释义。 Paraphrase the following sentences or parts of sentences using your own words.用你自己的话解释下面的句子或句子的一部分。