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科学美国人60秒 SSS 狩猎规则改变了熊妈妈的照顾事项

时间:2018-09-30 08:33来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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Hunting Rules Have Changed Mama Bear Care

In North America, many critters commonly encountered today—like wild turkeys or white-tailed deer—were brought back from near oblivion through conservation efforts led by hunters. Meanwhile, in Africa, some of the most charismatic species are now being hunted into extinction1. But hunting can also have impacts that are far more subtle.

在北美,经常遇到的许多小动物——比如野生火鸡或白尾鹿——通过猎人带来的保护措施,从近乎遗忘中使得物种恢复过来。与此同时,在非洲,一些最具魅力的物种,现在正在遭受灭绝。但是狩猎也会产生更微妙的影响。

Take the brown bear, known here in the U.S. as the grizzly2. When large mammals like grizzlies3 are hunted, evolution might select for speedier lifecycles. That is, in order to successfully reproduce before they risk getting shot, bears might begin having cubs4 at a younger age. That change also allows them to reproduce more times throughout their lives. But that's not the only possible reaction to being hunted.

以在美国称为灰熊的棕熊为例。当像灰熊这样的大型哺乳动物被猎杀时,进化可能会选择更快的生命周期。也就是说,为了在他们冒险之前成功克隆出来,熊可能会在更年轻的时候,开始拥有并抚育幼崽。这一变化也使他们能够,在整个生命中重现更多次。但这不是被猎杀的唯一可能的反应。

"The brown bear population in Sweden has been monitored for about 30 years. And researchers in Scandinavia have noticed that females started to change their reproductive strategies. They would observe that females would keep their cubs for longer periods of time nowadays."University of Sherbrooke biologist Joanie Van de Walle.

“瑞典的棕熊数量已经监测了大约30年,斯堪的纳维亚的研究人员已经注意到,雌性棕熊开始改变他们的繁殖策略,他们会观察到,现在雌性棕熊会抚育更长时间的幼崽。”布鲁克大学的生物学家Joanie Van de Walle说。

"Usually females give birth in January while in their den5? But some females, rather than weaning their cubs after one year and a half, continue to care for them for an extra year."

“通常雌性棕熊会在一月份时分娩,但在一年半之内,但一些雌性棕熊,不是在一年半后,让他们的幼仔断奶,而是继续照顾他们一年多。”

So some brown bear mothers in this population began to spend more time, not less, caring for their cubs.

所以,这群棕熊中的一些棕熊妈妈,开始花更多的时间,而不是更少的时间,来照顾他们的幼崽。

"And we have seen that since 2005, the proportion of females that keep their cubs for two years and a half has increased dramatically. Nowadays, its about 36 percent of females that use that tactic6, whereas before 2005, it was about only 7 percent or so."

“我们已经看到,自2005年以来,抚育幼崽长达两年半的雌性棕熊比例急剧增加,现在约有36%的雌性棕熊使用这种策略,而在2005年之前,这一比例仅为7%。”

But that increased investment comes at a cost: by spending more time with their cubs, it takes longer before the mothers reproduce again. It seems as if evolution settled on a tradeoff: have fewer offspring, but invest more energy in their care. The finding is in the journal Nature Communications.

但是,增加投资的代价是:花更多的时间与幼仔呆在一起,雌性棕熊再次繁殖需要更长的时间。这看起来好像进化在权衡上得到了解决:后代少了,但在他们在照顾后代中投入了更多的精力。这一研究发表在《自然沟通杂志》上。

And the change can be traced to Swedish hunting regulations. The law prohibits killing7 females if they are accompanied by cubs. So females that happen to have the urge for extra maternal8 care don't get shot—and this also gives the youngsters protection and guaranteed nutrition.

这种变化可以追溯到瑞典的狩猎法规。 法律禁止杀害雌性棕熊,如果他们在陪伴幼崽。因此,那些碰巧得到额外护理的雌性棕熊不会被射杀——这也给了小棕熊以保护和营养需要。

The study underscores how different kinds of hunting regulations can lead to different outcomes for wild animals. This kind of knowledge helps wildlife managers ensure the long-term viability9 of wildlife populations, while also allowing for sustainable hunting—which itself can be a conservation tool.

这项研究强调了不同种类的狩猎规则,可能导致野生动物的不同结果。这种知识有助于野生动物管理者,确保野生动物种群的长期生存能力,同时也可以进行可持续的狩猎——这本身也可以成为一种保护工具。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 extinction sPwzP     
n.熄灭,消亡,消灭,灭绝,绝种
参考例句:
  • The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
  • The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。
2 grizzly c6xyZ     
adj.略为灰色的,呈灰色的;n.灰色大熊
参考例句:
  • This grizzly liked people.这只灰熊却喜欢人。
  • Grizzly bears are not generally social creatures.一般说来,灰熊不是社交型动物。
3 grizzlies 493d85f5404507cf13db70bec36b3cad     
北美洲灰熊( grizzly的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The Suns beat the Memphis Grizzlies 127-113 earlier Tuesday night. 在周二晚上早些时候,太阳以127:113击败孟菲斯灰熊。
  • Whatever you do, do not blink.They're like grizzlies. 无论你做什么,别眨眼。他们跟熊有点相象。
4 cubs 01d925a0dc25c0b909e51536316e8697     
n.幼小的兽,不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a lioness guarding her cubs 守护幼崽的母狮
  • Lion cubs depend on their mother to feed them. 狮子的幼仔依靠母狮喂养。 来自《简明英汉词典》
5 den 5w9xk     
n.兽穴;秘密地方;安静的小房间,私室
参考例句:
  • There is a big fox den on the back hill.后山有一个很大的狐狸窝。
  • The only way to catch tiger cubs is to go into tiger's den.不入虎穴焉得虎子。
6 tactic Yqowc     
n.战略,策略;adj.战术的,有策略的
参考例句:
  • Reducing prices is a common sales tactic.降价是常用的销售策略。
  • She had often used the tactic of threatening to resign.她惯用以辞职相威胁的手法。
7 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
参考例句:
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
8 maternal 57Azi     
adj.母亲的,母亲般的,母系的,母方的
参考例句:
  • He is my maternal uncle.他是我舅舅。
  • The sight of the hopeless little boy aroused her maternal instincts.那个绝望的小男孩的模样唤起了她的母性。
9 viability FiHwY     
n.存活(能力)
参考例句:
  • What is required to achieve or maintain such viability? 要达到或维持这种生存能力需要什么?
  • Scientists are experimenting to find ways to ensure the viability of seeds for even longer periods of time. 正如我们所说,科学家正在试验努力寻找让种子的生命力更加延长的方法。
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