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This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

Let's play a word game. What word can be put in front of the words "stick," "maker¹," and "point" to make three new compound words? Again...stick, maker, and point.

(five-second silence)

Ready for the answer? "Match. So that would then combine to make the words matchstick, matchmaker, and matchpoint." Emma Threadgold, a cognitive² psychologist at the University of Central Lancashire in England. And the point of tasks like these, she says, is to measure creativity. (And if you didn't get it right away, don't worry, neither did I.)

Maybe you had music playing as you thought about the words. And, of course, many listen to music while they work. So Threadgold and her colleagues recently used such word puzzles to investigate whether listening to music affects creativity.

They asked volunteers to solve 19 puzzles, while listening to either a foreign-language tune³ (Spanish version of "King of Wishful Thinking," by Go West); an instrumental version of the same song (instrumental of "King of Wishful Thinking"); a familiar English-language tune (Pharrell's "Happy"); or silence.

The results? In every case, volunteers listening to music solved fewer puzzles than their counterparts in total quiet. Suggesting that background music does not really aid this kind of creative task. Maybe because these puzzles require some sort of mental speech rehearsal—trying out different word combos using your inner voice.

"And therefore they're more susceptible⁴ to changing state sounds such as music, in comparison to steady state sounds such as library noise."

And in fact, the researchers tested library noise too, (library noise) like the sounds of typing and rustling⁵ papers. And none of those noises impaired⁶ volunteers' performance at all, compared to the silent control group. The results are in the journal Applied⁷ Cognitive Psychology⁸.

Still, if you do insist on listening to music while working, you might try something a little more low-key than Lady Gaga, says Threadgold's colleague John Marsh⁹:

"So if you have a sound with a lot of changing state information in it, changes in pitch or in timbre¹⁰, that's more disruptive than a sound with fewer of those changes. So if you compared a modern pop song with some classical music you'd expect less disruption from that classical music."

Even better, though, would be the sound of silence. (Simon and Garfunkel's "Sound of Silence" clip briefly¹¹ then stops) As in, actual silence.

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.