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科学美国人60秒 SSS 5600年前的埃及大桶用来酿造啤酒

时间:2020-09-29 01:05来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Susanne Bard1.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是苏珊娜·巴德。

Some 5,600 years ago, people in the Egyptian city of Hierakonpolis did something that's still a very popular activity today: they brewed3 and drank beer. We know this because archaeologists examining the area near the ruins of a cemetery4 for the elite5 discovered a structure containing five ceramic6 vats7 that would have been heated from below. Residues8 in the vats confirmed that they had once made beer.

大约5600年前,埃及城市希拉孔波利斯的人们进行了至今仍然很受欢迎的活动:酿造和饮用啤酒。我们之所以知道这一点,是因为考古学家在考察精英墓园遗址附近区域时,发现了一个包含五个陶瓷桶的结构,这些陶桶底部可能受过热。大桶里的残留物证实它们曾被用来酿造啤酒。

"And it's estimated that if these five vats were operating at the same time, 325 liters would have been produced, which is equal to 650 cans of Budweiser."

“据估计,如果这五个大桶同时工作,可生产325升啤酒,相当于650罐百威啤酒。”

Texas Tech University microbiologist Moamen Elmassry. He says this ancient beer would have tasted very different from what our modern palates are used to. The Egyptian beer makers9 did use malted wheat and barley10 in the brewing11 process. But no one had mastered carbonation yet. So the resulting brew2 was a flat, unfiltered malt beverage12 with a low alcohol content.

得克萨斯理工大学的微生物学家莫阿门·埃尔马斯利说到。他说,这种古老的啤酒尝起来和我们现代人习惯的口味很不一样。埃及啤酒制造商在酿造过程中确实使用了小麦麦芽和大麦麦芽。但当时还没有人掌握碳酸化作用。因此,酿造出来的啤酒是一种无汽、未过滤且酒精含量很低的麦芽饮料。

Elmassry's colleagues recently sampled thick, dark deposits from the Hierakonpolis vats. The chemical analysis confirmed that they were indeed the product of beer making and not some other fermented13 food. The tests also revealed other ingredients ancient Egyptians put in their beer. The researchers found a high concentration of the amino acid proline, which is abundant in dates and some other fruits.

埃尔马斯利的同事最近从希拉孔波利斯大桶中取样了黑稠沉积物。化学分析证实这些沉积物确实是啤酒酿造的产物,而非其他发酵食物。测试还发现了古埃及人在啤酒中加入的其他成分。研究人员发现了高浓度的脯氨酸,这种氨基酸在枣和其他水果中含量丰富。

"This result suggests that dates could have been used or incorporated in the beer for flavor."

“这一结果表明,枣可能已经被使用或加入啤酒中进行调味。”

And maybe to add some sweet notes.

或许是为了增加甜味。

Hops14—which act as both a flavoring and a preservative—weren't added to beer until medieval times.

啤酒花作为调味品和防腐剂,直到中世纪才添加到啤酒中。

"The use of hops was unknown to the ancient Egyptians, and we think that they used phosphoric acid to preserve their beer."

“古埃及人不知道啤酒花的用途,我们认为他们用磷酸来保存啤酒。”

The residues were indeed high in phosphoric acid, a product of barley grains added during the fermentation process. Phosphoric acid is often used today to prolong the shelf life of alcoholic15 beverages16.

这些残留物中确实含有大量的磷酸,磷酸是在发酵过程中添加的大麦颗粒的产物。磷酸现在常被用来延长酒精饮料的保质期。

Phosphoric acid via barley would have made it possible to mass-produce beer, store it for extended periods and even transport it—all consistent with the important role beer played in ancient Egyptian society. It not only provided hydration and nutrition but was also part of religious rituals among the elite.

大麦产生的磷酸,使大量生产、长期住在、甚至运输啤酒成为可能,这一切都与啤酒在古埃及社会中的重要作用相一致。啤酒不仅提供水合作用和营养,还是精英阶层宗教仪式的一部分。

The study is in the journal Scientific Reports.

这项研究发表在《科学报告》期刊上。

Studying ancient beer has allowed Elmassry to reflect on the intersection17 of science and history.

研究古代啤酒让埃尔马斯利得以仔细思考科学与历史的交叉点。

"I teach a microbiology lab, and we brew beer in the lab, and the students see the whole fermentation process. And thinking about how ancient Egyptians were able to do a similar thing thousands of years ago, it's kind of very special feeling."

“我在微生物实验室教课,我们在实验室里酿造啤酒,学生们看到了整个发酵过程。思考古埃及人在几千年前是如何做类似事情的,这是种非常特别的感觉。”

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Susanne Bard.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是苏珊娜·巴德。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 bard QPCyM     
n.吟游诗人
参考例句:
  • I'll use my bard song to help you concentrate!我会用我的吟游诗人歌曲帮你集中精神!
  • I find him,the wandering grey bard.我发现了正在徘徊的衰老游唱诗人。
2 brew kWezK     
v.酿造,调制
参考例句:
  • Let's brew up some more tea.咱们沏些茶吧。
  • The policeman dispelled the crowd lest they should brew trouble.警察驱散人群,因恐他们酿祸。
3 brewed 39ecd39437af3fe1144a49f10f99110f     
调制( brew的过去式和过去分词 ); 酝酿; 沏(茶); 煮(咖啡)
参考例句:
  • The beer is brewed in the Czech Republic. 这种啤酒是在捷克共和国酿造的。
  • The boy brewed a cup of coffee for his mother. 这男孩给他妈妈冲了一杯咖啡。 来自《简明英汉词典》
4 cemetery ur9z7     
n.坟墓,墓地,坟场
参考例句:
  • He was buried in the cemetery.他被葬在公墓。
  • His remains were interred in the cemetery.他的遗体葬在墓地。
5 elite CqzxN     
n.精英阶层;实力集团;adj.杰出的,卓越的
参考例句:
  • The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
  • We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。
6 ceramic lUsyc     
n.制陶业,陶器,陶瓷工艺
参考例句:
  • The order for ceramic tiles has been booked in.瓷砖的订单已登记下来了。
  • Some ceramic works of art are shown in this exhibition.这次展览会上展出了一些陶瓷艺术品。
7 vats 3cf7466f161beb5cb241053041e2077e     
varieties 变化,多样性,种类
参考例句:
  • Fixed rare issue with getting stuck in VATS mode. 修正了极少出现的VATS模式卡住的问题。
  • Objective To summarize the experience of VATS clinic application. 目的总结电视胸腔镜手术(vats)胸外科疾病治疗中的临床应用经验。
8 residues 3e5a3e323766c2626c2be0d6feafa1da     
n.剩余,余渣( residue的名词复数 );剩余财产;剩数
参考例句:
  • pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables 残留在水果和蔬菜中的杀虫剂
  • All organic and metallic residues on the wafers must be removed. 片子上所有的有机和金属残留物均必须清除。 来自辞典例句
9 makers 22a4efff03ac42c1785d09a48313d352     
n.制造者,制造商(maker的复数形式)
参考例句:
  • The makers of the product assured us that there had been no sacrifice of quality. 这一产品的制造商向我们保证说他们没有牺牲质量。
  • The makers are about to launch out a new product. 制造商们马上要生产一种新产品。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 barley 2dQyq     
n.大麦,大麦粒
参考例句:
  • They looked out across the fields of waving barley.他们朝田里望去,只见大麦随风摇摆。
  • He cropped several acres with barley.他种了几英亩大麦。
11 brewing eaabd83324a59add9a6769131bdf81b5     
n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • It was obvious that a big storm was brewing up. 很显然,一场暴风雨正在酝酿中。
  • She set about brewing some herb tea. 她动手泡一些药茶。
12 beverage 0QgyN     
n.(水,酒等之外的)饮料
参考例句:
  • The beverage is often colored with caramel.这种饮料常用焦糖染色。
  • Beer is a beverage of the remotest time.啤酒是一种最古老的饮料。
13 fermented e1236246d968e9dda0f02e826f25e962     
v.(使)发酵( ferment的过去式和过去分词 );(使)激动;骚动;骚扰
参考例句:
  • When wine is fermented, it gives off gas. 酒发酵时发出气泡。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • His speeches fermented trouble among the workers. 他的演讲在工人中引起骚动。 来自辞典例句
14 hops a6b9236bf6c7a3dfafdbc0709208acc0     
跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 ); 单足蹦跳; 齐足(或双足)跳行; 摘葎草花
参考例句:
  • The sparrow crossed the lawn in a series of hops. 那麻雀一蹦一跳地穿过草坪。
  • It is brewed from malt and hops. 它用麦精和蛇麻草酿成。
15 alcoholic rx7zC     
adj.(含)酒精的,由酒精引起的;n.酗酒者
参考例句:
  • The alcoholic strength of brandy far exceeds that of wine.白兰地的酒精浓度远远超过葡萄酒。
  • Alcoholic drinks act as a poison to a child.酒精饮料对小孩犹如毒药。
16 beverages eb693dc3e09666bb339be2c419d0478e     
n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 控制酒类销售的法规
  • regulations governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 含酒精饮料的销售管理条例
17 intersection w54xV     
n.交集,十字路口,交叉点;[计算机] 交集
参考例句:
  • There is a stop sign at an intersection.在交叉路口处有停车标志。
  • Bridges are used to avoid the intersection of a railway and a highway.桥用来避免铁路和公路直接交叉。
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TAG标签:   科学美国人60秒  英语听力  sss
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