科学美国人60秒 SSS 狐狸吃了3000年人类剩饭

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Jason Goldman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是杰森·古德曼。

Foxes hunt small animals. And when other predators¹, including us, kill large animals, foxes are known to scavenge on the leftovers².

狐狸猎食小动物。当包括我们在内的其他捕食者捕杀大型动物时，人人皆知狐狸会以残羹剩饭为食。

Now a study of their scavenging shows that foxes have slyly relied on people for food for tens of thousands of years.

现在，一项关于狐狸捡食的研究表明，数万年来，狐狸一直偷偷地依赖人类获得食物。

"I saw that foxes benefit a lot today from humans. And I was wondering if this was also the case in the past."

“我看到狐狸如今从人类身上获得了很多益处。我想知道过去是否也是如此。”

Chris Baumann from the University of Tübingen's Institute for Scientific Archaeology³.

图宾根大学科学考古学研究所的克里斯·鲍曼说到。

Humans may have had a hand in driving the extinction⁴ of large herbivores like mammoths and mastodons in the Late Pleistocene, which ended around 12,000 years ago.

猛犸象和乳齿象等大型食草动物在更新世晚期灭绝，人类可能是推手之一，更新世约在1.2万年前结束。

But we inadvertently helped other species—and Baumann suspected that Pleistocene-era foxes may have been among them.

但我们无意中帮助了其他物种，鲍曼怀疑更新世时期的狐狸可能位列其中。

So Baumann and his team obtained the remains⁵ of 70 foxes found in southwestern Germany.

于是鲍曼及其团队获得了在德国西南部发现的70只狐狸的遗骸。

They ranged from around 42,000 years ago, when Neandertals lived in the area, to some 30,000 years ago, when Homo sapiens came to dominate the region.

这些狐狸生活的时间，从尼安德特人在这里居住的约4.2万年前到智人统治这个地区的约3万年前。

"In the study, we analyzed⁶ the bone collagen of the foxes and saw that there are indeed these different strategies of feeding."

“在研究中，我们分析了狐狸的骨胶原，发现确实存在这些不同的进食策略。”

The carbon and nitrogen isotopes⁷ in the fox bones supplied clues to what the foxes had eaten.

狐狸骨头中的碳和氮同位素提供了线索，我们由此可以得知狐狸吃过什么。

And at the earlier Neandertal-era sites, a few of the foxes hunted rodents⁸,

在较早的尼安德特人时代遗址，少数狐狸捕猎啮齿动物，

but most had a diet indistinguishable from the larger carnivores—meaning that they regularly scavenged from the kills made by wolves and bears.

但大多数狐狸的饮食与大型食肉动物没有区别，这意味着它们经常从狼和熊的猎物中捡食。

But by the late Pleistocene, when we showed up, the foxes had switched to a diet of mainly reindeer⁹ and horse meat—that is, human table scraps¹⁰.

但到了更新世晚期，当我们人类出现时，狐狸的饮食已转为以驯鹿和马肉为主，也就是人类餐桌的残余食物。

The finding is in the journal PLOS ONE.

这一发现发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》期刊上。

"And so this one niche¹¹ that we figured out, that comes when Homo sapiens entered this area, is more or less stable.

“我们发现，智人进入这个地区时出现的这种生态位或多或少是稳定的。

So the foxes have time to feed on this resource over the last years of their life.

因此，狐狸在生命的最后几年有时间以这种资源为食。

And that's very cool, because now we know that humans must have made some changes in the environment to provide this niche."

这很酷，因为现在我们知道要提供这个生态位，人类肯定对环境做出了一定改变。”

Neandertals surely hunted animals, too.

尼安德特人当然也捕猎动物。

But there weren't enough of them, or they didn't stay in one place long enough, for the foxes to adapt to scavenging off their dinner plates.

但是他们的人数不够多，或者他们在一个地方待的旱不够长，不足以狐狸适应从他们的餐盘中捡食。

Homo sapiens, on the other hand, did stick around long enough to affect the foxes' foraging¹² strategy.

另一方面，智人在这里逗留的时间确实够长，足以影响狐狸的觅食策略。

Baumann says that studying the remains of opportunistic scavengers like foxes—that learn to take advantage of human societies—

鲍曼表示，研究像狐狸这样的机会主义食腐动物——即学习如何占人类社会便宜——的遗骸，

can offer useful information about human impacts on ecosystems¹³ over time.

可以提供有用的信息，说明人类随时间的推移对生态系统的影响。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

1 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 leftovers   

n.剩余物，残留物，剩菜

参考例句：

• He can do miracles with a few kitchen leftovers.他能用厨房里几样剩饭做出一顿美餐。
• She made supper from leftovers she had thrown together.她用吃剩的食物拼凑成一顿晚饭。

3 archaeology   

n.考古学

参考例句：

• She teaches archaeology at the university.她在大学里教考古学。
• He displayed interest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。

4 extinction   

n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种

参考例句：

• The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
• The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。

5 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

6 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 isotopes   

n.同位素；同位素( isotope的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the many isotopes of carbon 碳的诸多同位素
• Tritium is one of the mildest radioactive isotopes. 氚是最和缓的放射性同位素之一。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 rodents   

n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Rodents carry diseases and are generally regarded as pests. 啮齿目动物传播疾病，常被当作害虫对待。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Some wild rodents in Africa also harbor the virus. 在非洲，有些野生啮齿动物也是储毒者。 来自辞典例句

9 reindeer   

n.驯鹿

参考例句：

• The herd of reindeer was being trailed by a pack of wolves.那群驯鹿被一只狼群寻踪追赶上来。
• The life of the Reindeer men was a frontier life.驯鹿时代人的生活是一种边区生活。

10 scraps   

油渣

参考例句：

• Don't litter up the floor with scraps of paper. 不要在地板上乱扔纸屑。
• A patchwork quilt is a good way of using up scraps of material. 做杂拼花布棉被是利用零碎布料的好办法。

11 niche   

n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等)

参考例句：

• Madeleine placed it carefully in the rocky niche. 玛德琳小心翼翼地把它放在岩石壁龛里。
• The really talented among women would always make their own niche.妇女中真正有才能的人总是各得其所。

12 foraging   

v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西）

参考例句：

• They eke out a precarious existence foraging in rubbish dumps. 他们靠在垃圾场捡垃圾维持着朝不保夕的生活。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The campers went foraging for wood to make a fire. 露营者去搜寻柴木点火。 来自辞典例句

13 ecosystems   

n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样，从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句