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Step by Step2000 Unit 8 Creative Minds

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Part I

A.

key words:invent

vocabulary:fax/ calendar/ puppet Mercedes-Benz

1.People in England made the first computer. It was built in 1943. It was made to help England understand secret messages during World War two.

2.Someone in Australia invented the fax machine.After the fax machine was invented,it first became popular in East Asia.

3. Folding fans came from Japan.They were invented in Japan almost 800 years ago.

4.The first car came from Germany. It was invented by Karl Benz in 1885. Benz is still famous. His name is on the Mercedes-benz car.

5.A man in Canada invented the chocolate bar.He lived in Nova Scotia-in the easter part of Canada. He invented the chocalate bar in the 1800s.

6.The first really accurate calender was invented in Mexico. This calender was made about 1,500 years ago. That's when people learned that the year was 365 days long.

7.The first machanical clock was invented in China.It was invented in the year 725-over 1,250 years ago.

8. People think Africans created the first puppets.Actually,no one is true is sure,but puppets were probably created to help tell stories.

B.key words:design patent introduce develop appear born invent creat

Vocabulary:

paper clip/ patent /adhesive/ primer/ cellular1 phone/ commission /authorize/ subscribe2/ credit /wringer /ad/ disposable /diaper/ zipper/ immigrant /galosh /accident prone3/ strip /merit /contact lens

Norwegian Pennsylvania Band-Aid Czech

1.The design of paper clips is perfect. There's been little improvement since Norwegian Johan Vaaler got his American patent in 1901.Only about 20% are actually used to clip papers.

2.Post-it is one of the top five best-selling office supplipers.To make Post-its,introduced in 1980,3M had to develope the adhesive,primer,back-side coating and new manufacturing equipment.

3.The first cellar phone was developed in 1937 by Martin Cooper at Motorola, and a test of 1,000 such phones followed in Chicago. The Federal Communications Commission authorized4 cellular service in 1982, and we haven't shut up since. More than a third of all households in the U.S subscribe.

4.Among those credited with making electric washing machines was Alva J.Fisher. The machines used wringers to remove water from clothes.Truly automatic machines appeard in the 1930s. An early ad for a GE washer read,"If every father did the family washing next Monday,there would be an electric washing maching in every home by Saturday night."

5.Oh,baby, what a convenience!Procter & Gamble's Pampers,born in 1961, were first used only for special occasions. Now the 95% of American parents who buy disposable diapers will spend up to $2100 a child to avoid washing diapers.

6. Zippers5 were invented in 1913 by Swedish immigrant Gideon Sundrich at Universal Fastener Co. in Pennsylvania. B.F.goodrich first used the word to a fastener on a pair of its galoshes;it was not used in clothes untill the 1930s .By 1341 zippers beat the pants off buttons in the Battle of the Fly.

7.Johnson & Johnson sold $3000 worth of handmade Band Aids in 1921, the year it introduced them. A company cotton buyer, Earle Dickson,had created them at home for his accident prone wife.He then convinced his boss that the strips had merit.

8.Otto Wichterle, a Czech scientist, created the first soft contact lens in 1961. Bausch & Lomb bought the rights to his process for a reported $3 million in 1966.

Unit 8 Creative Minds

Part II Scientists of the millennium6 I

Today we tell about the discoveries of ten important scientists of the past 1,000 years.

The earliest of these important scientists was Johannes Gutenberg. He lived in Germany from about 1395 until about 1468. Johannes Gutenberg invented the type mould and the first successful system of movable type used in Europe. This made printing books faster and easier. Johannes Gutenberg and others used his invention to produce books in the City of Mainz during the 1400s. The system he invented remained unchanged for 350 years.

Nicolaus Copernicus was another important scientist. He is considered the founder7 of the modern science of astronomy, the study of the planets and stars in the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473. At that time, most scientists accepted the idea that the earth was at the center of the universe and did not move. The Greek astronomer8 Ptolemy had developed this idea more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolemy also said that all the other objects in space moved around the earth. Copernicus believed that every planet, including earth, moved around the sun. He also believed the earth moved around its center once every day. He described these theories in 1543. These theories were not accepted in his lifetime. But by the early 1600s, other scientists began to develop the method that would prove Copernicus correct.

One of these scientists was Galileo Galilei. He was born in Italy in 1564. Galileo was the first to use the telescope to discover new information about the planets and stars. He decided9 that the theory that all planets circled the sun was correct. The Roman Catholic Church condemned10 Galileo for saying Copernicus was right. For centuries, the Church had taught that the sun, the planets and the stars moved around the earth. Three hundred and fifty years passed before the Roman Catholic Church admitted officially that it was wrong and withdrew its condemnation11 of Galileo.

Our fourth scientist of the millennium is William Harvey. He was born in England in 1578. He discovered how blood moves in animals and people. Dr Harvey described this in 1628 in the book An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals. This work was the start of all modern research on the heart and blood vessels12. Dr Harvey based his discoveries on observations and by cutting open dead animals and humans. Dr Harvey’s experiments showed that the heart forces blood through the arteries13 to the body. He showed that the blood returns to the heart through the veins14. His idea conflicted with the widely accepted ideas of the time. It has been called one of the most important medical discoveries of the millennium.

Isaac Newton was another influential15 scientist of the past 1,000 years. Many experts say he was the most important scientist of them all. He was born in England in 1642. Isaac Newton invented a new kind of mathematics called calculus16. He discovered the secrets of light and color and his theory of gravitation showed how the universe is held together. Isaac Newton published his discoveries on the laws of motion and theory of gravitation in 1678 in his book The Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy. It was the first book to describe a unified17 system of scientific rules explaining what happens on earth and in the universe. It is considered one of the greatest works in the history of science.

Charles Darwin was another important scientist of the past 1,000 years. He was born in England in 1809. In 1859, he published a book called On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. He explained his ideas that all living things developed from simple organisms. He said these organisms changed during millions of years to produce different kinds of plants and animals, including humans. This is known as the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin’s studies showed that some animals and plants have natural abilities that help them survive. They pass these abilities to their young when they reproduce. Other plants and animals that are less able to survive and reproduce may disappear. Charles Darwin’s theories provided new ideas about the developments of living things. However, they shocked many religious people. Many people today still strongly oppose the theory of evolution because it conflicts with their religious beliefs.

Our next important scientist of the past 1,000 years is Louis Pasteur. His discoveries saved many lives. Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He became a professor of chemistry. He discovered that heat could kill harmful microorganisms. Soon this Pasteurization method was used to keep many foods and drinks safe. He also helped us establish the germ theory when he recognized that most diseases are spread by tiny organisms that reproduce in the body. Louis Pasteur also proved that an animal can develop a resistance to a harmful organism if the organism is weakened in a laboratory and injected into the animal’s body. He called this method of preventing disease vaccination18. He developed vaccines19 to prevent deadly diseases in animals and people.

The inventor Thomas Edison was another influential scientist. He was born in the United States in 1847. His work made possible the progress of technology in the 20th century. Almost everyone has been affected20 by the inventions of Thomas Edison. These include the motion picture, sound recording21, and electric light. They are only three of the many devices Thomas Edison invented or helped to improve. He also invented devices to improve the telephone. He improved machines that produced electricity. And he worked on many electric motors, including those for trains. Thomas Edison once said the electric light was the most difficult to develop. He also called it his most important invention.

Our next scientist of the millennium is the Austrian scholar Sigmund Freud. He changed scientific ideas about the mind. Dr Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia. He established the ideas that dreams help us understand our unconscious self. He said this is the part of the mind containing wishes, desires, or bad experiences too frightening to recognize. Sigmund Freud’s work on the causes and treatment of mental sicknesses helped to form the ideas of modern psychiatry22. His idea about sexual development led to the discussion and treatment of sexual problems. Many of Sigmund Freud’s ideas are no longer used today, but no one disputes his great influence on the science of mental health.

Our final scientist of the past 1,000 years is Albert Einstein. He changed the way we understand the universe. The great scientist was born in Germany in 1879. In 1905, Albert Einstein published one of the most important scientific documents in history. It explained his special theory of relativity. This theory is about the ideas we use to describe natural events. It is about time, space, mass, movement and gravity. Albert Einstein is perhaps best known for his mathematical statement E=mc²or energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. This statement explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter. It explained how the sun could give off heat and light for millions of years. It also led to the discovery of atomic energy. Albert Einstein’s theories, like those of the other great scientists of the millennium, changed our world.
 


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 cellular aU1yo     
adj.移动的;细胞的,由细胞组成的
参考例句:
  • She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。
  • Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。
2 subscribe 6Hozu     
vi.(to)订阅,订购;同意;vt.捐助,赞助
参考例句:
  • I heartily subscribe to that sentiment.我十分赞同那个观点。
  • The magazine is trying to get more readers to subscribe.该杂志正大力发展新订户。
3 prone 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
4 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
5 zippers a57e6cfb1988134e90eca72bf57b4a14     
n.拉链( zipper的名词复数 );用拉链的人,装拉链的包
参考例句:
  • Buttons, zippers should be glitch free and sharp edge. 纽扣、拉链应无毛刺和锐利边缘。 来自互联网
  • Buttons, Zippers, Trimmings and Accessories for the Garment Industry. 主营钮扣,拉链,装饰品和其他服装辅料。 来自互联网
6 millennium x7DzO     
n.一千年,千禧年;太平盛世
参考例句:
  • The whole world was counting down to the new millennium.全世界都在倒计时迎接新千年的到来。
  • We waited as the clock ticked away the last few seconds of the old millennium.我们静候着时钟滴答走过千年的最后几秒钟。
7 Founder wigxF     
n.创始者,缔造者
参考例句:
  • He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
  • According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说,罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。
8 astronomer DOEyh     
n.天文学家
参考例句:
  • A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer.新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。
  • He is reputed to have been a good astronomer.他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。
9 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
10 condemned condemned     
adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
  • The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。
11 condemnation 2pSzp     
n.谴责; 定罪
参考例句:
  • There was widespread condemnation of the invasion. 那次侵略遭到了人们普遍的谴责。
  • The jury's condemnation was a shock to the suspect. 陪审团宣告有罪使嫌疑犯大为震惊。
12 vessels fc9307c2593b522954eadb3ee6c57480     
n.血管( vessel的名词复数 );船;容器;(具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的)人
参考例句:
  • The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
13 arteries 821b60db0d5e4edc87fdf5fc263ba3f5     
n.动脉( artery的名词复数 );干线,要道
参考例句:
  • Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This is the place where the three main arteries of West London traffic met. 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的交汇处。 来自《简明英汉词典》
14 veins 65827206226d9e2d78ea2bfe697c6329     
n.纹理;矿脉( vein的名词复数 );静脉;叶脉;纹理
参考例句:
  • The blood flows from the capillaries back into the veins. 血从毛细血管流回静脉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I felt a pleasant glow in all my veins from the wine. 喝过酒后我浑身的血都热烘烘的,感到很舒服。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 influential l7oxK     
adj.有影响的,有权势的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
  • He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。
16 calculus Is9zM     
n.微积分;结石
参考例句:
  • This is a problem where calculus won't help at all.对于这一题,微积分一点也用不上。
  • After studying differential calculus you will be able to solve these mathematical problems.学了微积分之后,你们就能够解这些数学题了。
17 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
18 vaccination bKGzM     
n.接种疫苗,种痘
参考例句:
  • Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
  • Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。
19 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
20 affected TzUzg0     
adj.不自然的,假装的
参考例句:
  • She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
  • His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。
21 recording UktzJj     
n.录音,记录
参考例句:
  • How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间?
  • I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。
22 psychiatry g0Jze     
n.精神病学,精神病疗法
参考例句:
  • The study appeared in the Amercian science Journal of Psychiatry.这个研究发表在美国精神病学的杂志上。
  • A physician is someone who specializes in psychiatry.精神病专家是专门从事精神病治疗的人。
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