走进哈佛大学 第18期:独立思考

 “Think Independently” is the primary educational principle of Harvard University. Consciously, Harvard professors implement¹ the principle in every specific teaching procedure. They point out clearly that their relationship with students is cooperative, rather than hierarchical. In class, Harvard professors’ mainly provide students with clues and references. Rarely will they give the answers directly. They see themselves as guides, promoters, and cothinkers, instead of knowledge-imparters and answer-providers. Harvard professors have been used to pointed² and forthright³ questions and critiques. The students they like most are those who dare to and have the ability to challenge teachers. They also give these students the highest scores. Most professors even believe that the classes in which there is no challenge from students are the most boring and the most unsuccessful classes.

独立思考是哈佛大学的第一教育原则。哈佛教授有意识地把独立思考原则落实到 教学的每一个具体环节上。他们非常明确地指出，他们和学生的关系是合作关系，而 绝非等级关系。在课堂上，哈佛教授主要是提供思考的线索和参照，很少直接提供答案。 他们视自己为引导者、推动者和共同思考者，而不是知识传授者和答案给予者。哈佛 教授们早就习惯了学生尖锐直率的质疑和批判，他们最喜爱的、给分最高的都是那些 敢于并有能力挑战老师的学生。许多教授甚至觉得，没有受到学生挑战的课是最沉闷 无聊的课，也是最不成功的课。

走进哈佛大学(MP3+中英字幕) 第3期:美国私立大学

Harvard students are used to this equal relationship between teachers and students as well, which in turn make them brave enough to challenge any authority. As professors appear to be “humble” in front of students, they are even the targets of students’ jokes. Harvard professors are human beings, and they like the feeling of being respected and adored. But “authority" cannot win respect. They believe that they must first encourage students to think independently and challenge authority, cultivate students’ skeptical⁴ spirits, and guide a variety of views to cross swords. Only by doing so can they create an atmosphere that is equal, free, and unfettered, can they evoke⁵ students，spirits of innovation and quest to the utmost extent, and win real respect from students. At Harvard, you’ll often see such a scene: when a professor has left，students keeps applauding until they think the professor cannot hear the applause any more.

哈佛学生也习惯了这种平等相待的师生关系，这习惯 又使他们敢于挑战任何权威。因为教授在学生面前显得很 “谦卑”，学生甚至可以开教授的玩笑。哈佛教授也是人， 也喜欢被人尊敬崇拜，但尊敬不是靠“权威”得来的。他 们认为必须首先鼓励学生独立思考和挑战权威，满怀热情 地培养学生的怀疑精神并引导多种观点交锋，只有这样， 才能创造平等、轻松、无拘无束的氛围，才能最大限度地 激发学生独立创造和探索的精神，也只有这样才能真正赢得学生的尊敬。在哈佛经常 看到这一情景：教授走后，学生还在热烈鼓掌，直到他们认为教授听不到掌声为止。

Plagiarism⁶ is the big no-no in teaching, research，and study at Harvard. Students are punished most severely⁷ for plagiarizing⁸ rather than for being late for class, damaging public property, or even fighting. To ensure academic independence, Harvard has formulated⁹ and carried out the famous “Three As Principle" namely “, Academic Freedom, Academic Autonomy and Academic Neutrality”. Only those scholars who are guaranteed security and freedom can explore scientific spirit.

抄袭和剽窃是哈佛教学、研究和学习的大忌。学生受到最严厉的惩罚，不是因为 迟到旷课、损害公物甚至打架斗殴，而是因为抄袭剽窃。为保证学术研究的独立自主， 哈佛制定并严格执行了著名的“三A原则”，即“学术自由、学术自治和学术中立”。 只有具有安全和自由保证的学者才能探索科学精神的实质。

1 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

2 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

3 forthright   

adj.直率的，直截了当的 [同]frank

参考例句：

• It's sometimes difficult to be forthright and not give offence.又直率又不得罪人，这有时很难办到。
• He told me forthright just why he refused to take my side.他直率地告诉我他不肯站在我这一边的原因。

4 skeptical   

adj.怀疑的，多疑的

参考例句：

• Others here are more skeptical about the chances for justice being done.这里的其他人更为怀疑正义能否得到伸张。
• Her look was skeptical and resigned.她的表情是将信将疑而又无可奈何。

5 evoke   

vt.唤起，引起，使人想起

参考例句：

• These images are likely to evoke a strong response in the viewer.这些图像可能会在观众中产生强烈反响。
• Her only resource was the sympathy she could evoke.她以凭借的唯一力量就是她能从人们心底里激起的同情。

6 plagiarism   

n.剽窃，抄袭

参考例句：

• Teachers in America fight to control cheating and plagiarism.美国老师们努力对付欺骗和剽窃的问题。
• Now he's in real trouble.He's accused of plagiarism.现在他是真遇到麻烦了。他被指控剽窃。

7 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。

8 plagiarizing   

v.剽窃，抄袭( plagiarize的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He was accused of plagiarizing his colleague's results. 他被指控剽窃同事的成果。
• Moderates are plagiarizing his ideas in hopes of wooing voters. 温和派为讨好选民在盗用他的观点。 来自辞典例句

9 formulated   

v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示

参考例句：

• He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》