重点语法讲义及练习

 　　1. 动词的时态和语态

　　1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表

　　时态语态 一般现在时  一般过去时    一般将来时

　　主动被动 doare done didwere done will dowill be done

　　现在进行时  过去进行时  将来进行时

　　主动被动  are doingare being done were doingwere being done will be doing

　　现在完成时  过去完成时  将来完成时

　　主动 被动 have donehave been done had donehad been done will have donewill have been done

　　现在完成进行时

　　主动 被动 have been doing

　　1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用

　　1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时

　　英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995

　　汉语提示语：已经，早已，了

　　e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.

　　By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.

　　2) 现在完成进行时

　　从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。

　　汉语提示语：一直

　　e.g. The water has been running the whole night.

　　3) 过去完成时

　　a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

　　e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.

　　b) hardly…when, no sooner… than

　　e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.

　　c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中

　　e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won.

　　I wish I had done better in the exam.

　　历年考题中的动词时态和语态

　　1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.

　　2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.

　　3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed.

　　4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.

　　5. In 1991, after the Gulf¹ War, Bush’s approved rating² reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling³ ___ (begin) in the 19302.

　　6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate⁴ crime more than we should.

　　7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.

　　8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.

　　9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended⁵ translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

　　10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

　　Key:

　　1. comes  一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数

　　2. has expanded   现在完成时

　　3. has been  现在完成时

　　4. Standing⁶  过去进行时的倒装形式

　　5. began  一般过去时

　　6. makes  一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数

　　7. has been living  现在完成进行时

　　8. had been sent  过去完成时的被动形式

　　9. witnessed   一般过去时

　　10. were driven   一般过去时的被动

1 gulf   

n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂

参考例句：

• The gulf between the two leaders cannot be bridged.两位领导人之间的鸿沟难以跨越。
• There is a gulf between the two cities.这两座城市间有个海湾。

2 rating   

n.级别，等级，额定值，责骂，收视率

参考例句：

• It is a ship with a rating of 500,000 tons.这是一艘五十万吨级的船。
• The opinion polls gave the president a high rating.民意测验显示人民对总统的支持率很高。

3 polling   

n.投票

参考例句：

• a week before polling day 投票日前一周（的那天）
• You can cast your vote at the local polling station. 你可以在当地的投票站投票。

4 tolerate   

v.忍受，容忍，容许，宽恕；vt.容忍，忍受，容许

参考例句：

• She can tolerate that rude fellow.她能容忍那个粗鲁的家伙。
• The teacher cannot tolerate eating on the class.老师不容许在课堂上吃东西。

5 extended   

adj.延伸的；伸展的；延长的；扩大的v.延伸(extend的过去式和过去分词)；伸展；延长

参考例句：

• an extended lunch hour 延长了的午餐时间
• France has greatly extended its influence in world affairs. 在世界事务中，法国的影响已大大地扩大了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。