GRE试题六(2)

17.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) reconcile two opposing theories
(B) compare two different explanations for a phe-
nomenon
(C) describe experimental research that appears to
support an unpopular theory
(D) present evidence that may help to resolve an
apparent contradiction
(E) describe a hypothesis that has cause a con-
troversy

18.It can be inferred from the passage that the author
would most likely describe the "additional evidence"
(line 12) provided by experiments with adrenergic
antagonists¹ as
(A) revolutionary
(B) disappointing
(C) incomplete
(D) unexpected
(E) corroborative²

19.The passage provides information about which of the
following topics?
(A) The mechanism³ by which glucose⁴ affects memory
storage
(B) The evidence that prompted scientist to test the
effects of adrenaline on memory regulation
(C) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory
were tested
(D) The ways that memory storage modifies the struc-
ture of the brain
(E) The kinds of training used to test memory enhance-
ment in rats

20.The author refers to the results of the experiment using
adrenergic antagonists as "negative findings" (line 13)
most likely because the adrenergic antagonists
(A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory
(B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory.
(C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood
glucose levels
(D) only partially⁵ affected⁶ adrenaline’s ability to
enhance memory
(E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect
on memory

The age at which young children begin to make moral
discriminations about harmful actions committed against
themselves or others has been the focus of recent research
into the moral development of children. Until recently,
(5)child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean.
Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity⁷,
children under age seven do not take into account the inten-
tions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm,
but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions⁹ on
(10)the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences
caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven
occupy the first stage of moral development, which is char-
acterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities
must be obeyed) and imminent¹⁰ justice (if rules are broken,
(15)punishment will be meted¹¹ out). Until young children mature,
their moral judgments¹² are based entirely¹³ on the effect
rather than the cause of a transgression⁸. However, in recent
research, Keasey found that six- year-old children not only
distinguish between accidental and intentional¹⁴ harm, but
(20)also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the
amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem
to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget
claimed, advance into the second stage of moral develop-
ment, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules 

(25)but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the
first stage.
Keasey’s research raises two key questions for develop-
mental psychologists about children under age seven: do
they recognize justifications¹⁵ for harmful actions, and do
(30)they make distinctions between harmful acts that are pre-
ventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful con-
sequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing
harmful actions might include public duty,self-defense, and
provocation¹⁶. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that
(35)children were capable of considering whether or not an
aggressor’s action was justified¹⁷ by public duty: five year
olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks¹⁸ Ann’s
pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so
somebody won’t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to
(40)make Ann feel bad."Thus, a child of five begins to under-
stand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can
be justified; the constraints¹⁹ of moral absolutism no longer
solely²⁰ guide their judgments.
Psychologists have determined²¹ that during kindergarten
(45)children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm.
Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional
harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could
not differentiate²² between foreseeable, and thus preventable,
harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator
(50)cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley
found that these same children could make both distinc-
tions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally
autonomous²³.

21.Which of the following best describes the passage as
a whole?
(A) An outline for future research
(B) An expanded definition of commonly misunder-
stood terms
(C) An analysis of a dispute between two theorists
(D) A discussion of research findings in an ongoing²⁴
inquiry²⁵
(E) A confirmation²⁶ of an established authority’s theory

22.According to the passage, Darley found that after seven
months of kindergarten six year olds acquired which of
the following abilities?
(A) Differentiating between foreseeable and unforesee-
able harm
(B) Identifying with the perpetrator of a harmful action
(C) Justifying harmful actions that result from provo-
cation
(D) Evaluating the magnitude of negative consequences
resulting from the breaking of rules
(E) Recognizing the difference between moral absolu-
tism and moral autonomy

1 antagonists   

对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药

参考例句：

• The cavalier defeated all the antagonists. 那位骑士打败了所有的敌手。
• The result was the entire reconstruction of the navies of both the antagonists. 双方的海军就从这场斗争里获得了根本的改造。

2 corroborative   

adj.确证（性）的，确凿的

参考例句：

• Is there any corroborative evidence for this theory? 是否有进一步说明问题的论据来支持这个理论？
• They convicted the wrong man on the basis of a signed confession with no corroborative evidence. 凭一张有签名的认罪书而没有确凿的佐证，他们就错误地判了那人有罪。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

4 glucose   

n.葡萄糖

参考例句：

• I gave him an extra dose of glucose to pep him up.我给他多注射了一剂葡萄糖以增强他的活力。
• The doctor injected glucose into his patient's veins.医生将葡萄糖注入病人的静脉。

5 partially   

adv.部分地，从某些方面讲

参考例句：

• The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
• The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静，宵禁部分解除。

6 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

7 immaturity   

n.不成熟；未充分成长；未成熟；粗糙

参考例句：

• It traces the development of a young man from immaturity to maturity. 它描写一位青年从不成熟到成熟的发展过程。 来自辞典例句
• Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. 不成熟就是不经他人的指引就无法运用自身的理解力。 来自互联网

8 transgression   

n.违背；犯规；罪过

参考例句：

• The price can make an action look more like a transaction than a transgression.罚款让一个行为看起来更像是一笔交易而不是一次违法行为。
• The areas of transgression are indicated by wide spacing of the thickness contours.那幢摩天大楼高耸入云。

9 transgressions   

n.违反，违法，罪过( transgression的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Many marine transgressions occur across coastal plains. 许多海运是横越滨海平原。 来自辞典例句
• For I know my transgressions, and my sin always before me. 因为我知道我的过犯，我的罪常在我面前。 来自互联网

10 imminent   

adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的

参考例句：

• The black clounds show that a storm is imminent.乌云预示暴风雨即将来临。
• The country is in imminent danger.国难当头。

11 meted   

v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The severe punishment was meted out to the unruly hooligan. 对那个嚣张的流氓已给予严厉惩处。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The money was meted out only after it had been carefully counted. 钱只有仔细点过之后才分发。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

12 judgments   

判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判

参考例句：

• A peculiar austerity marked his judgments of modern life. 他对现代生活的批评带着一种特殊的苛刻。
• He is swift with his judgments. 他判断迅速。

13 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

14 intentional   

adj.故意的，有意（识）的

参考例句：

• Let me assure you that it was not intentional.我向你保证那不是故意的。
• His insult was intentional.他的侮辱是有意的。

15 justifications   

正当的理由，辩解的理由( justification的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• If he a vulgar person, she does not have justifications for him. 如果他是个低级趣味的人，她早就不会理他了。
• It depends on their effect on competition and possible justifications. 这则取决于它们对于竞争的影响和可能存在的正当抗辩理由。

16 provocation   

n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因

参考例句：

• He's got a fiery temper and flares up at the slightest provocation.他是火爆性子，一点就着。
• They did not react to this provocation.他们对这一挑衅未作反应。

17 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

18 wrecks   

n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉

参考例句：

• The shores are strewn with wrecks. 海岸上满布失事船只的残骸。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• My next care was to get together the wrecks of my fortune. 第二件我所关心的事就是集聚破产后的余财。 来自辞典例句

19 constraints   

强制( constraint的名词复数 )； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• Data and constraints can easily be changed to test theories. 信息库中的数据和限制条件可以轻易地改变以检验假设。 来自英汉非文学 - 科学史
• What are the constraints that each of these imply for any design? 这每种产品的要求和约束对于设计意味着什么？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

20 solely   

adv.仅仅，唯一地

参考例句：

• Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
• The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。

21 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

22 differentiate   

vi.(between)区分；vt.区别；使不同

参考例句：

• You can differentiate between the houses by the shape of their chimneys.你可以凭借烟囱形状的不同来区分这两幢房子。
• He never learned to differentiate between good and evil.他从未学会分辨善恶。

23 autonomous   

adj.自治的；独立的

参考例句：

• They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
• This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。

24 ongoing   

adj.进行中的，前进的

参考例句：

• The problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
• The issues raised in the report relate directly to Age Concern's ongoing work in this area.报告中提出的问题与“关心老人”组织在这方面正在做的工作有直接的关系。

25 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

26 confirmation   

n.证实，确认，批准

参考例句：

• We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
• We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前，我们需要书面确认。