【白洁2005】专项突破听力文本1A

======== TEST 1 PART A ========

1: Year of Birth ____1_____
2: Year of Death _____2____
3: Field of Researh _____3_____
4: Experiment on Training Conducted (Year) _____4_____
Psychology¹ First Published (Year) 1938
5: His Description of His View _____5_____

Robert Sessions Woodworth, who was born in 1869 and died in 1962, had a longlife and a long, distinguished² career in psychology. He collaborated³ early on a book in physiological⁴ psychology with Lad, and later produced his own editions. In 1901 he and Thorndike performed a famous experiment on transfer of training, defeating the educational philosophy of formal discipline, by demonstrating that mental skills are not,like muscles, strengthened by training, but that it is only identical elements that are transferred from one learning activity to another. Woodworth also wrote a widely read history of psychology, that is Contemporary Schools of Psychology, which he revised later and which came out in a third edition, with Mary Sheehan's eoauthorship, shortly after Woodworth's death. His Experimental Psychology, first published in 1938, proved to be the standard text in its field for several decades until it was largely replaced by Charles E. Osgood's almost equally monumental book in the same field in the early 1950s.

In much of his work, Woodworth's functional⁵ orientation⁶ led him to what he calleda dynamic view, which emphasized the importance of motivation in the understanding of behavior. His systematic⁷ book, Dynamic Psychology, published late in his career, was a fitting capstone to his many contributions to his discipline. He was active to the end.

1 psychology   

n.心理，心理学，心理状态

参考例句：

• She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
• He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

2 distinguished   

adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的

参考例句：

• Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
• A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。

3 collaborated   

合作( collaborate的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾结叛国

参考例句：

• We have collaborated on many projects over the years. 这些年来我们合作搞了许多项目。
• We have collaborated closely with the university on this project. 我们与大学在这个专案上紧密合作。

4 physiological   

adj.生理学的，生理学上的

参考例句：

• He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。

5 functional   

adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的

参考例句：

• The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了，但现在可以用了。
• The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的，只是为了实用。

6 orientation   

n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍

参考例句：

• Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
• The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。

7 systematic   

adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的

参考例句：

• The way he works isn't very systematic.他的工作不是很有条理。
• The teacher made a systematic work of teaching.这个教师进行系统的教学工作。