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不接种疫苗已成美国社会主流

时间:2015-08-11 04:48来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   Kathleen Wiederman is not staunchly against vaccines2. She simply believes it is better for her child to naturally battle an illness than to be vaccinated4 against it.

  "Doctors don't know everything," said the 42-year-old recruiter, who prefers alternative medicine and gave birth at her home in the well-heeled Virginia suburbs without the aid of a pain-killing epidural.
  At first, she and her husband agreed on the matter, but when their marriage ended, he pushed for their daughter to get some of her recommended vaccines and Wiederman relented.
  Now her daughter is five and has had a handful of shots, including against chicken pox and measles5, but not polio.
  And if her child gets sick?
  "Then we treat it however you need to treat it and work through it," she told AFP.
  不接种疫苗已成美国社会主流
  Wiederman, who has a law degree, is among a growing number of Americans who oppose vaccines, raising concerns about a resurgence6 in contagious7 diseases like measles and whooping8 cough.
  Vaccine1 hesitancy is increasingly common, and not only when it comes to infant and childhood immunizations, experts say.
  Two in three working age adults refuse to get the annual flu vaccine and the same proportion of parents decline the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for young adolescents, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  "The people we are concerned about are the people who are hesitant. The general demographic is well-educated and upper middle class," said Barry Bloom, a professor of medicine at Harvard University.
  "I think they are on the rise everywhere."
  In recent years, reports linking vaccines to autism have been debunked9, but fears of adverse10 events -- which experts say are rare -- have proven difficult to erase11.
  Some parents are troubled by the increasing number of vaccines children are given, which have risen from seven in 1985 to 14 today, a result of medical advances, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  "I was stunned12 by the number of vaccines," said Alina Scott, a 37-year-old project manager and mother of a two-year-old son.
  Scott said she began reading everything she could find on the topic, even before her child was born, and decided13 that vaccines were not for them.
  "This lasted until about a year ago, when I just felt like I wasn't finding any new information. It's like I hit the end of Internet," she said. "I don't think we will be vaccinating14 any time soon."
  - Religious exemptions15 -
  Nearly all US states require a standard list of immunizations before children can enter school, but they allow religious exemptions for vaccines. Some allow parents to opt16 out for personal reasons.
  Some measles outbreaks in recent years, including in the Orthodox Jewish community in New York City, have been linked to parents refusing vaccines.
  "Today you are allowed to have philosophical17 reasons not to vaccinate3 and I think that is crazy," said Anne Gershon, director of the Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease at Columbia University Medical Center.
  "The reason is that it hurts many people. It is not just your child."
  Some young people cannot get vaccines, including those with cancer or immune diseases, and very young infants are vulnerable to pertussis, or whooping cough, until the age of two months when they can get begin to get doses of the vaccine.
  Particularly with measles, one of the most contagious diseases, outbreaks will occur unless 94 percent or more of the population is vaccinated, according to Bloom.
  Nationwide, vaccination18 rates among US kindergarteners have stayed high -- near 95 percent.
  But a 2011 poll in the journal Pediatrics found that one in 10 parents did not stick to the recommended schedule of vaccines for their child, and a quarter of parents had doubts about vaccine safety.
  The United States typically sees about 60 cases of measles per year.
  "We don't have a crisis, but nonetheless the trend is going up and the number of immunizations is going down," said Bloom.
  - Flu shots, cancer vaccines -
  Another trend is resistance to vaccines like the annual flu shot, experts say.
  The CDC said in February that two-thirds of adults aged19 18 to 65 had not had their seasonal20 shot, and that hospitalizations in this age group had doubled over last year. Deaths from flu complications were also far higher than usual.
  Doctors are also surprised at how many decline the three-dose shot to prevent HPV, a sexually transmitted infection which can lead to cervical cancer in women and cancers of the head, neck, penis and anus in men.
  The vaccine is recommended for school age boys and girls before they become sexually active, and can be given as early as age nine.
  Just one in three women aged 19 to 26 had been vaccinated in 2012, and just 2.3 percent of men, the CDC has reported.
  "I think for physicians, the idea that vaccines could prevent cancers seems phenomenal," said Anne Schuchat, Assistant Surgeon General and director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
  "It has been a surprise it has not been going like hotcakes."
  When it comes to how to communicate the benefits of vaccines to a skeptical21 public, experts are stumped22.
  In Bloom's view, vaccines have fallen victim to their own success.
  "If they have never seen a kid blinded from measles, or mentally retarded23 from pertussis, it is very hard in this wonderful, happy, affluent24 world of kindergartens and first and second grades to see that there is a problem that vaccines are preventing."
  凯思琳·维德曼并非是疫苗的坚定反对者,她只是相信,她的孩子通过自身免疫对抗疾病,比接种疫苗要好得多。
  “医生并不了解所有的事,”42岁的招聘人员维德曼表示。她喜欢替代疗法,并在位于富饶的弗吉尼亚郊区的家中生孩子,全程不使用硬脊膜外注射麻醉来避免疼痛。
  起初,她和丈夫同意这样的做法,但当他们离婚后,她丈夫让女儿接种了一些她所推荐的疫苗,这时,维德曼的态度有所软化。
  现在,她的女儿5岁了,已经注射了几种疫苗,包括水痘和麻疹疫苗,但没有接种小儿麻痹症的疫苗。
  那么,如果她的孩子病了,该怎么办呢?
  “无论需要怎样的治疗,我们都会提供,来治好孩子的病,”她告诉法新社。
  反对疫苗接种的美国人数量不断增加,拥有法律学位的维德曼是其中一员,而她却担心像麻疹和百日咳这样的传染性疾病会再次出现。
  专家表示,对疫苗持观望态度的现象日益普遍,并不只局限于婴儿和儿童的免疫。
  美国疾病控制和预防中心表示,在处于工作年龄的成年人当中,每三个人中就有两人拒绝接受每年的流感疫苗注射,同样比例的父母拒绝让年龄还小的青少年注射人类乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗。
  “我们所担心的是那些持观望态度的人们,他们一般接受过良好教育,属于中上层阶级,”哈佛大学医学教授巴里·布鲁姆说。
  “我认为,他们的人数在每个地方都有增加。”
  近年来,一些将疫苗同自闭症相联系的报告已被证明是错误的,专家也表示注射疫苗后很少出现不良事件,但是,人们对此所产生的恐惧却很难消除。
  疾病控制和预防中心表示,由于医学的进步,一些父母正受困于孩子可接种疫苗数量的不断增长,疫苗数量从1985年的7种增加到现在的14种。
  “我对疫苗的数量感到吃惊,”37岁的项目经理艾莉娜·斯科特说,她有一个2岁的儿子。
  斯科特表示,她开始阅读她能找到的关于这一主题的所有材料,甚至在她的孩子出生之前就开始了,并且她认为疫苗不适合他们。
  “这一行为持续到了一年前,那时,我觉得我无法找到任何新的信息,就像是我已经到达了互联网的尽头,”她说,“我想,我们不会很快就接种疫苗。”
  宗教豁免
  几乎美国所有的州都要求,孩子进入学校前,要进行一系列规定的免疫接种,但是,他们允许对于疫苗的宗教豁免,一些州允许父母可以因个人原因,不让孩子接种疫苗。
  近些年,一些水痘病例爆发,包括在纽约市传统犹太社区的出现,与父母拒绝为孩子接疫种苗密切相关。
  “今天,你可以有合理的原因不接种疫苗,但我认为这是疯狂的举动,”哥伦比亚大学医学中心儿童传染性疾病部门的负责人安妮·格申说。
  “原因在于,这会伤及很多人,不仅仅是你的孩子。”
  一些年轻人不能接种疫苗,包括那些身患癌症或免疫疾病的人。很小的婴儿容易患百日咳,他们在两个月大的时候才能开始接种一些剂量的疫苗。
  布鲁姆表示,特别需要注意的是水痘,它是最具传染性的疾病之一,除非94%或更多的人接种了疫苗才能避免大规模的爆发。
  就全国而言,在美国的幼儿园儿童当中,疫苗接种率很高,接近95%。
  然而,2011年儿科杂志的民意调查发现,1/10的父母没有坚持让孩子接种疫苗推荐计划表上的疫苗,而1/4的父母怀疑疫苗的安全性。
  美国每年通常有60例水痘病例。
  “我们没有这样的危机,但是即便如此,这一趋势正在上涨,而接受免疫的数量正在下降,”布鲁姆说。
  专家说,另一个趋势是对类似每年流感疫苗的抗拒。
  疾病控制中心(CDC)在二月曾表示,18到65岁的成年人当中,有2/3的人没有接受季节性疫苗注射,这个年龄群体的住院人数在去年增加了一倍,流感并发症引发的死亡人数也远高于平常。
  注射预防HPV的三剂预防针数量大量减少,医生也对此感到惊讶。HPV通过性接触感染,会导致女性的宫颈癌,以及男性头部、颈部、生殖器和肛门的癌症。
  这一疫苗建议在学龄儿童性征活跃前注射,也可以早在9岁时就接种。
  CDC报告称,2012年,19到26岁的女性中,1/3接种了疫苗,而只有2.3%的男性接受了疫苗注射。
  “我认为对内科医生而言,疫苗能够预防癌症似乎很惊人,”外科总医师助理及国家免疫和呼吸疾病中心负责人安妮·舒查特说。
  “令人吃惊的是,它却没有那样畅销。”
  面对挑剔的公众,如何与他们交流疫苗的好处,这难倒了专家。
  在布鲁姆看来,疫苗已经成为了他们自身成功的受害者。 “如果他们从未见过一个孩子因水痘而致盲,或因百日咳而智力发展受阻,就很难在美好、快乐和丰富的幼儿时期和一二年级时发现这个问题,即疫苗正受到人们的抗拒。”

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 vaccine Ki1wv     
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
参考例句:
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
2 vaccines c9bb57973a82c1e95c7cd0f4988a1ded     
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
3 vaccinate Iikww     
vt.给…接种疫苗;种牛痘
参考例句:
  • Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样,当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
  • Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。
4 vaccinated 8f16717462e6e6db3389d0f736409983     
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
参考例句:
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
5 measles Bw8y9     
n.麻疹,风疹,包虫病,痧子
参考例句:
  • The doctor is quite definite about Tom having measles.医生十分肯定汤姆得了麻疹。
  • The doctor told her to watch out for symptoms of measles.医生叫她注意麻疹出现的症状。
6 resurgence QBSzG     
n.再起,复活,再现
参考例句:
  • A resurgence of his grief swept over Nim.悲痛又涌上了尼姆的心头。
  • Police say drugs traffickers are behind the resurgence of violence.警方说毒贩是暴力活动重新抬头的罪魁祸首。
7 contagious TZ0yl     
adj.传染性的,有感染力的
参考例句:
  • It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。
  • He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。
8 whooping 3b8fa61ef7ccd46b156de6bf873a9395     
发嗬嗬声的,发咳声的
参考例句:
  • Whooping cough is very prevalent just now. 百日咳正在广泛流行。
  • Have you had your child vaccinated against whooping cough? 你给你的孩子打过百日咳疫苗了吗?
9 debunked 575513fd10f52eda85e5df688279646d     
v.揭穿真相,暴露( debunk的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • His theories have been debunked by recent research. 最近的研究揭穿了他的理论的真相。
  • Some advertising slogans should be debunked. 某些夸大的广告用语应予揭露。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 adverse 5xBzs     
adj.不利的;有害的;敌对的,不友好的
参考例句:
  • He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。
  • The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。
11 erase woMxN     
v.擦掉;消除某事物的痕迹
参考例句:
  • He tried to erase the idea from his mind.他试图从头脑中抹掉这个想法。
  • Please erase my name from the list.请把我的名字从名单上擦去。
12 stunned 735ec6d53723be15b1737edd89183ec2     
adj. 震惊的,惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • The fall stunned me for a moment. 那一下摔得我昏迷了片刻。
  • The leaders of the Kopper Company were then stunned speechless. 科伯公司的领导们当时被惊得目瞪口呆。
13 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
14 vaccinating 3c0d2084d9b99d5ef019f89c134247c7     
给…接种疫苗( vaccinate的现在分词 ); 注射疫苗,接种疫苗
参考例句:
  • At first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. 乍一看来,为狼群注射防狂犬病疫苗是一种简单的办法。
  • Also vaccinating children against misers (measles) has saved many lives. 还有,给儿童进行疫苗接种防止麻疹也挽救了许多生命。
15 exemptions 98510082c83cd5526d8e262de8a35d2d     
n.(义务等的)免除( exemption的名词复数 );免(税);(收入中的)免税额
参考例句:
  • The exemptions for interpretive rules, policy statements, and procedural rules have just been discussed. 有关解释性规则、政策说明和程序规则的免责我们刚刚讨论过。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
  • A: The regulation outlines specific exemptions for some WPM. 答:该规定概述了某些木质包装材料的特定的例外情形。 来自互联网
16 opt a4Szv     
vi.选择,决定做某事
参考例句:
  • They opt for more holiday instead of more pay.他们选择了延长假期而不是增加工资。
  • Will individual schools be given the right to opt out of the local school authority?各个学校可能有权选择退出地方教育局吗?
17 philosophical rN5xh     
adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的
参考例句:
  • The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
  • She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。
18 vaccination bKGzM     
n.接种疫苗,种痘
参考例句:
  • Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
  • Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。
19 aged 6zWzdI     
adj.年老的,陈年的
参考例句:
  • He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了,也老点了。
  • He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老,然而记忆力还好。
20 seasonal LZ1xE     
adj.季节的,季节性的
参考例句:
  • The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
  • The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。
21 skeptical MxHwn     
adj.怀疑的,多疑的
参考例句:
  • Others here are more skeptical about the chances for justice being done.这里的其他人更为怀疑正义能否得到伸张。
  • Her look was skeptical and resigned.她的表情是将信将疑而又无可奈何。
22 stumped bf2a34ab92a06b6878a74288580b8031     
僵直地行走,跺步行走( stump的过去式和过去分词 ); 把(某人)难住; 使为难; (选举前)在某一地区作政治性巡回演说
参考例句:
  • Jack huffed himself up and stumped out of the room. 杰克气喘吁吁地干完活,然后很艰难地走出房间。
  • He was stumped by the questions and remained tongue-tied for a good while. 他被问得张口结舌,半天说不出话来。
23 retarded xjAzyy     
a.智力迟钝的,智力发育迟缓的
参考例句:
  • The progression of the disease can be retarded by early surgery. 早期手术可以抑制病情的发展。
  • He was so slow that many thought him mentally retarded. 他迟钝得很,许多人以为他智力低下。
24 affluent 9xVze     
adj.富裕的,富有的,丰富的,富饶的
参考例句:
  • He hails from an affluent background.他出身于一个富有的家庭。
  • His parents were very affluent.他的父母很富裕。
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TAG标签:   疫苗
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