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似乎永不休止的感冒 为什么一直不见好转

时间:2015-08-11 04:55来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   About a month ago Sharon Gilbert was hit with a runny nose, sore throat and a cough. The whole snotty works.

  大约在一个月前,莎伦·吉尔伯特(Sharon Gilbert)出现了流涕、咽喉疼痛、咳嗽等一系列令人烦恼的症状。
  A few weeks later she thought she had recovered. Then her husband Derek got sick, and bam. 'Suddenly I started getting all the symptoms [again] and it was worse,' said Ms. Gilbert, a 61-year-old writer in Charleston, Ill.
  几个星期后,她觉得自己已经康复了。可是,接下来她的丈夫德里克(Derek)又病了,而且猛地一下,“突然间我开始(再次)出现所有的症状,而且这次更严重了,”吉尔伯特说道。今年61岁的她是伊利诺伊州查尔斯顿(Charleston)的一名作家。
  In the winter that seems to have no end in many parts of the country, people like Ms. Gilbert have been plagued with the seemingly everlasting1 cold.
  在美国众多冬季似乎没有尽头的地区,像吉尔伯特这样的人一直受到似乎永不休止的感冒的折磨。
  似乎永不休止的感冒 为什么一直不见好转
  That's partly because the common cold can last longer than many people think -- up to two weeks for the principal symptoms and perhaps weeks more for a cough that lingers even after the virus has been cleared away. There's also the possibility of secondary infections such as bacterial2 sinusitis.
  一部分原因是,普通感冒的持续时间要比许多人所认为的更长——主要症状会持续长达两周时间,至于在感冒病毒已被清除后仍久不见愈的咳嗽,它可能要再持续几周时间。此外,患上细菌性鼻窦炎之类的继发性感染的可能性也存在。
  And some patients might get back-to-back colds, doctors say. It isn't likely people will be reinfected with the same virus because the body builds some immunity3 to it. But people can pick up another of the more than 200 known viruses that can cause the common cold, some of which are worse than others.
  医生说,有些患者或许会连续患感冒。人们不大可能会重新感染同一种病毒,因为人体已对它形成了一定的免疫力。然而,能引发普通感冒的已知病毒有200多种(有些病毒比其他更厉害),人们还是会感染上其中一种。
  'When you hear people who have the cold that 'won't go away,' those are typically back-to-back infections of which we see a lot of in the cold weather when people are cohorting together,' said Darilyn Moyer, a physician at Temple University Hospital and chairwoman-elect of the American College of Physicians Board of Governors.
  天普大学医院(Temple University Hospital)医生、美国医师协会(American College of Physicians)理事会候任主席达尔琳·莫耶(Darilyn Moyer)说:“如果你听到别人得了‘永不见好’的感冒,那通常就是连续性感染,这种情况在人们常窝在一起的寒冷季节较多见。”
  Influenza4 may get all the attention, but the common cold is the leading cause of doctor visits, according to the National Institutes of Health. Each year, people in the U.S. get about one billion colds, and 22 million school days are lost to the stubborn viruses.
  美国国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,简称“NIH”)称,流感吸引了人们所有的注意力,但普通感冒才是人们就医的首要原因。美国每年约有10亿人次得感冒,学生们因顽固的感冒病毒共停课2,200万天。专家们说,成年人每年平均患两到五次感冒,学龄儿童的感冒次数则多达七到10次。老年人感染病毒的次数往往较少,因为他们已经形成了对多种病毒的免疫力。与儿童生活在一起或者工作中与儿童接触的成年人感冒较多。
  Experts say adults on average get two to five colds a year; school children can get as many as seven to 10. The elderly tend to get infected less because they've built up immunity to many viruses. And adults who live or work with young children come down with more colds.
  对此我是深有体会。最近一个多月来,我们家似乎就在玩讨厌的感冒传递游戏。我的丈夫得了感冒,又持续咳嗽了几周时间,我们怀疑他又传染给了我们幼小的孩子。最后我也倒下了。
  Don't I know it. For more than a month now my family seems to be playing a game of pass-the-nasty-cold. My husband had a cold and lingering cough for weeks, which we suspect he gave to our infant. Finally I succumbed5.
  我们认为我们上幼儿园的孩子是各种病菌的传播者。就在我们大家逐渐康复时,孩子开始上日托了,把某种病毒带回了家,于是我们全都开始了新一轮明显与第一次不同的感冒。
  We blamed the purveyor6 of all germs, our kindergartner. Just as we were all recovering, the infant started day care and brought home a virus and we're all on round two of apparently7 a different cold.
  专家指出,病菌携带者——在我们家则是我们上幼儿园的孩子——有可能会将病菌传染给别人,而自己不会出现症状。
  Experts say it's possible that the carrier of germs -- in this case our kindergartner -- can infect others without having symptoms himself.
  威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校(University of Wisconsin-Madison)分子病毒学研究所(Institute of Molecular8 Virology)的研究员安·帕尔门伯格(Ann Palmenberg)说:“在任何时候,要是我们用棉签擦拭你的鼻子,大概都能发现它里面存在着五种不同的鼻病毒,但是你也并没有生病。”鼻病毒是引发普通感冒最常见的病毒,占成年人感冒诱因的30%至50%,而且它的种类超过了150种。
  'At any given moment if we were to swab you. . .we'd probably come up with five different rhinoviruses sitting in your nose but you're not sick,' said Ann Palmenberg, a researcher at the Institute of Molecular Virology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Rhinovirus is the most common viral cause of the common cold, accounting9 for 30% to 50% of adult colds, and there are more than 150 strains of it.
  帕尔门伯格博士指出,鼻病毒附着在细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)受体上以便进入壁细胞,在该受体张开时,人们才会感染病毒。
  To get infected, the so-called ICAM receptors, which the rhinovirus attaches to in order to enter the nasal cells, need to be open, Dr. Palmenberg said.
  她说:“鼻病毒一直都存在,问题在于你什么时候会变得易受感染。”压力、缺乏睡眠和总体的健康状况等因素会使人们更容易感染。研究人员已发现了鼻病毒的150多种菌株或基因类型,他们相信可能还存在更多。病毒在上呼吸道区体温相对较低的环境(如鼻通道、鼻窦和咽喉)中复制最快。
  'Rhinos10 are out there all the time, it's just a question of when you are susceptible,' she said. Factors such as stress, lack of sleep and people's overall health can make them more likely to get infected. More than 150 strains or genotypes of the rhinovirus have been identified and researchers believe there are probably many more.
  其他病毒(如较少见的腺病毒)能在上呼吸道与下呼吸道自我复制并附着在受体上,引发更严重的疾病。
  Rhinovirus replicates11 best in the relatively13 lower body temperatures of the upper respiratory area, such as the nasal passages, sinuses and throat.
  包括冠状病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和肠道病毒在内的其他病毒也被确认会引发感冒症状。NIH的分支、美国国家过敏症与传染病研究所(National Institute of Allergy14 and Infectious Diseases)主任安东尼·福西(Anthony Fauci)说:“最令人困惑的事情是,还有20%至30%成年人普通感冒病症的原因未查明。”
  Other viruses, such as the less-common adenovirus, can replicate12 and attach to receptors in the upper and lower respiratory tracts15, causing a more serious illness.
  有些情况下,似乎永不休止的感冒可能是更严重病症的信号。感冒有可能引发鼻窦感染、支气管炎或肺炎,而有时候感冒症状又会被误认为是季节性过敏。
  Other viruses -- including the coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus -- have also been identified as causing cold symptoms. 'The most confounding thing of all is that we still haven't identified the cause of 20% to 30% of adult common colds,' said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health.
  医生指出,感冒之后持续的干咳通常是由支气管高反应性或气管感染造成的。天普大学医院的莫耶医生说:“你的呼吸系统经历了感染后,基本上你会出现暂时性的哮喘,你的支气管反应会非常剧烈,感染和炎症也会很严重。”
  Sometimes a cold that never seems to end could be a sign of something more serious. A cold may result in a sinus infection, bronchitis or pneumonia16. And cold symptoms are at times confused with seasonal17 allergies18.
  去年发表于《家庭医学年鉴》(Annals of Family Medicine)的一篇论文对多项不同研究进行了综述,它发现咳嗽平均持续18天左右。该研究还指出,针对近500人的调研发现,大多数调研参与者认为咳嗽症状应该会在一周左右后消失,并相信医生开给他们的抗生素对他们有帮助。(实际上是大大的不可能!)
  A usually dry cough that lingers after a cold is typically due to bronchial hyperreactivity or tracheal inflammation, doctors say. 'After you go through an infection in your respiratory system, you can almost have a transient form of asthma19 where your bronchial tubes are very highly reactive and very irritated and inflamed,' said Dr. Moyer, of Temple University Hospital.
  有些专家认为,在感染了一种感冒病毒、免疫系统减弱后,你会更容易感染另一种病毒。这是因为当你感冒时你鼻内的上皮衬里会变弱,充当保护屏障的黏膜受损后可能更易于感染另一种病毒。
  A review of various studies, published last year in the journal Annals of Family Medicine, found that coughs on average last about 18 days. The report also said a survey of nearly 500 people found that most participants expected a cough should disappear in about a week and believed antibiotics20 from their doctor would help them. (A big no-no!)
  但是,另一些专家则持有不同看法。NIH的福西医生说,干扰素之类的蛋白质(在感冒期间分泌以帮助抵抗病毒)可能会提高对感染第二种病毒的抵抗力。
  Some experts believe having one cold virus and a weakened immune system could make catching21 another virus easier. Because the epithelial linings22 in the nose are weakened when you have a cold, the broken down mucus-membrane barrier may be more prone23 to picking up another virus.
  那么,我们能做些什么来防止感冒或缩短感冒时间?几乎每个人都认识一些深信服用紫锥菊、锌或吞下大量维生素C有效的人。
  But others suggest that proteins such as interferons, which are secreted24 during a cold to help fight the virus, may also boost resistance to getting infected by a second virus, according to Dr. Fauci, of the NIH.
  然而,医生指出,没有确凿的证据能证明这些疗法有效。有些研究指出,运动和冥想可能有助于防止感冒。
  What can a person do to prevent or shorten a cold? Nearly everyone knows someone who swears by taking echinacea or zinc25 or downing packs of vitamin C.
  好消息是,春天来临了(至少名义上如此),冬季最糟糕的寒冷时节就要结束了。不过,到了夏天,又会有新一批的病毒出现,你也许会发现自己又和讨厌的夏季感冒碰面了。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 everlasting Insx7     
adj.永恒的,持久的,无止境的
参考例句:
  • These tyres are advertised as being everlasting.广告上说轮胎持久耐用。
  • He believes in everlasting life after death.他相信死后有不朽的生命。
2 bacterial dy5z8q     
a.细菌的
参考例句:
  • Bacterial reproduction is accelerated in weightless space. 在失重的空间,细菌繁殖加快了。
  • Brain lesions can be caused by bacterial infections. 大脑损伤可能由细菌感染引起。
3 immunity dygyQ     
n.优惠;免除;豁免,豁免权
参考例句:
  • The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
4 influenza J4NyD     
n.流行性感冒,流感
参考例句:
  • They took steps to prevent the spread of influenza.他们采取措施
  • Influenza is an infectious disease.流感是一种传染病。
5 succumbed 625a9b57aef7b895b965fdca2019ba63     
不再抵抗(诱惑、疾病、攻击等)( succumb的过去式和过去分词 ); 屈从; 被压垮; 死
参考例句:
  • The town succumbed after a short siege. 该城被围困不久即告失守。
  • After an artillery bombardment lasting several days the town finally succumbed. 在持续炮轰数日后,该城终于屈服了。
6 purveyor GiMyN     
n.承办商,伙食承办商
参考例句:
  • Silence, purveyor of gossip, do not spread that report. 快别那样说,新闻记者阁下,别散布那个消息。 来自互联网
  • Teaching purpose: To comprehensively understand the role function and consciousness composition of a news purveyor. 教学目的:全面深入的理解新闻传播者的角色功能和意识构成。 来自互联网
7 apparently tMmyQ     
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎
参考例句:
  • An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽,豁然开朗。
  • He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。
8 molecular mE9xh     
adj.分子的;克分子的
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时,分子的碰撞就停止了。
9 accounting nzSzsY     
n.会计,会计学,借贷对照表
参考例句:
  • A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
  • There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。
10 rhinos 195f9b9fd8128a29dac773077994698f     
n.犀牛(rhino的复数形式)
参考例句:
  • There are many reports of people taming and even training Indian rhinos. 有许多关于人们驯养甚至训练印度犀牛的记载。 来自辞典例句
  • The rhinos had fed during the night in the rice fields of these villagers. 犀牛夜里在这些村民的庄稼地里也已吃饱了。 来自辞典例句
11 replicates 2cb25c60b573b908924058afde2ecd5a     
复制( replicate的第三人称单数 ); 重复; 再造; 再生
参考例句:
  • The bluetongue virus replicates in the insect. 蓝舌病病毒在这种昆虫体内繁殖。
  • The chameleon's skin replicates the pattern of its surroundings. 变色龙的皮肤可随环境的模式而改变颜色。
12 replicate PVAxN     
v.折叠,复制,模写;n.同样的样品;adj.转折的
参考例句:
  • The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
  • It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样,它还可以被轻易的复制。
13 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
14 allergy 8Vpza     
n.(因食物、药物等而引起的)过敏症
参考例句:
  • He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。
  • The patient had an allergy to penicillin.该患者对青霉素过敏。
15 tracts fcea36d422dccf9d9420a7dd83bea091     
大片土地( tract的名词复数 ); 地带; (体内的)道; (尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的)短文
参考例句:
  • vast tracts of forest 大片大片的森林
  • There are tracts of desert in Australia. 澳大利亚有大片沙漠。
16 pneumonia s2HzQ     
n.肺炎
参考例句:
  • Cage was struck with pneumonia in her youth.凯奇年轻时得过肺炎。
  • Pneumonia carried him off last week.肺炎上星期夺去了他的生命。
17 seasonal LZ1xE     
adj.季节的,季节性的
参考例句:
  • The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
  • The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。
18 allergies 2c527dd68e63f119442f4352f2a0b950     
n.[医]过敏症;[口]厌恶,反感;(对食物、花粉、虫咬等的)过敏症( allergy的名词复数 );变态反应,变应性
参考例句:
  • Food allergies can result in an enormous variety of different symptoms. 食物过敏会引发很多不同的症状。 来自辞典例句
  • Let us, however, examine one of the most common allergies; hayfever. 现在让我们来看看最常见的变态反应的一种--枯草热。 来自辞典例句
19 asthma WvezQ     
n.气喘病,哮喘病
参考例句:
  • I think he's having an asthma attack.我想他现在是哮喘病发作了。
  • Its presence in allergic asthma is well known.它在过敏性气喘中的存在是大家很熟悉的。
20 antibiotics LzgzQT     
n.(用作复数)抗生素;(用作单数)抗生物质的研究;抗生素,抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
21 catching cwVztY     
adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住
参考例句:
  • There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
  • Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。
22 linings 08af65d71fb90cd42b87d2d9b97c874f     
n.衬里( lining的名词复数 );里子;衬料;组织
参考例句:
  • a pair of leather gloves with fur linings 一双毛皮衬里的皮手套
  • Many of the garments have the customers' name tags sewn into the linings. 这些衣服有很多内衬上缝有顾客的姓名签。 来自辞典例句
23 prone 50bzu     
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的
参考例句:
  • Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
  • He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。
24 secreted a4714b3ddc8420a17efed0cdc6ce32bb     
v.(尤指动物或植物器官)分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 );隐匿,隐藏
参考例句:
  • Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. 胰岛素是胰腺分泌的。
  • He secreted his winnings in a drawer. 他把赢来的钱藏在抽届里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
25 zinc DfxwX     
n.锌;vt.在...上镀锌
参考例句:
  • Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。
  • Zinc is used to protect other metals from corrosion.锌被用来保护其他金属不受腐蚀。
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