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股东vs管理层:公司治理谁说了算?

时间:2017-03-09 04:25来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   “Shareholders2 are stupid and impertinent — stupid because they give their money to somebody else without any effective control over what this person is doing with it, and impertinent because they ask for a dividend3 as a reward for their stupidity.”

  “股东既愚蠢又无礼,说他们愚蠢是因为他们把自己的钱交给了其他人,却无法有效控制这个人怎么用这笔钱,说他们无礼是因为他们要求获得股息来回报自己的愚蠢。”
  So said the banker Carl Fürstenberg, who ran the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft in the late 19th and early 20th century. His disdainful attitude to shareholders appears to live on today with many high-tech4 entrepreneurs, including the founders5 of Snap, the Californian company that runs the popular mobile messaging app Snapchat.
  这是银行家卡尔?弗斯滕伯格(Carl Fürstenberg)说过的话,他曾在19世纪末和20世纪初执掌Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft。他对股东的鄙视态度似乎传承给了当今的很多高科技企业家,包括加州公司Snap创始人,该公司管理着颇受欢迎的移动消息应用Snapchat。
  股东vs管理层:公司治理谁说了算?
  Snap’s initial public offering will be the first in the US to issue shares with no voting rights at all. Co-founders Evan Spiegel, chief executive, and Bobby Murphy, chief technology officer, have been transparent6 about their intentions, stating clearly in the prospectus7 that it has no intention of paying cash dividends8 for the foreseeable future.
  Snap的首次公开发行(IPO)是美国首次发行毫无投票权的股票。该公司联合创始人——首席执行官艾文?斯皮格尔(Evan Spiegel)和首席技术官鲍比?墨菲(Bobby Murphy)——对于他们的意图并不隐晦,他们在招股说明书中明确表示,无意在可预见的未来支付现金股息。
  Yet pricing of shares in the lossmaking company is expected to value it at up to $18.5bn, which was last week revised down in updated regulatory filings from $22.2bn.
  然而预计这家亏损公司的估值将高达185亿美元,这一数字还是在最新监管申报文件中从222亿美元下修的。
  By any standard Snap’s governance arrangements are flawed and its directors minimally9 accountable. Anne Simpson, a leading governance expert at the California pension fund Calpers, dubs10 this “a banana republic approach” to corporate11 governance.
  无论按照什么标准,Snap的治理安排都是存在缺陷的,其董事承担的责任微乎其微。加州公务员退休基金(CalPERS)的领先治理专家安妮?辛普森(Anne Simpson)称其为公司治理的“香蕉共和国战略”。
  Yet the decision to prevent outside shareholders from exercising control rights over the company is also symptomatic of a deeper problem with modern corporate governance, as are the tiered voting structures that prevail at other tech companies such as Google, Facebook and Alibaba. Modern corporate governance practice sits uncomfortably with the business models employed in the more advanced sectors13 of the global economy. Taken together with changes in the structure of ownership, this has drastically weakened the accountability of management to shareholders.
  然而,阻止外部股东对公司行使控制权的决定,也显示出现代公司治理的更深层次问题,谷歌(Google)、Facebook和阿里巴巴(Alibaba)等其他科技公司普遍使用的分级投票结构也是如此。现代公司治理实践与这些全球经济中比较先进的行业采用的业务模式格格不入。再加上所有权结构的变化,这大大削弱了管理层对股东承担的责任。
  Sharing the spoils
  利益分享
  The big question underlying14 Snap’s challenge to conventional corporate governance turns on how the spoils of the capitalist system are shared. Today’s governance codes are rooted in a 19th century concept of the corporation, where the shareholder1-capitalist is seen as the key stakeholder and risk-taker in the system. The implicit15 assumption is that the shareholder is entitled to the residual16 profits and net assets of the company after the claims of labour and all the other creditors17 have been met.
  Snap挑战传统公司治理的根本问题在于资本主义制度的利益如何分享。如今的治理规则植根于19世纪的公司概念:股东-资本家被视为这个制度的关键利益相关者和风险承担者。其隐含的假设是,股东在公司支付员工工资和对其他所有债权人履行偿还义务后,有权获得剩余利润和公司净资产。
  This view of the limited liability company made sense in the 19th century, when capital was scarce and labour cheap and plentiful18. That reality was captured in the way employers referred to their workers as “hands” — a form of linguistic19 reductionism that reflected the state of labour relations at the time.
  这种有限责任公司的观念在19世纪是合理的,当时资本短缺,而劳动力廉价而且充足。突显这一现实的是,当时雇主将员工称为“人手”,这种语言上的简化反映出那时的劳资关系状况。
  The 19th century company law framework allowed the shareholder-capitalist to exercise exclusively the control rights over the business. Shareholders could vote at the annual general meeting on issues such as the election of directors, while other stakeholders could not. Whether this is appropriate today when the world is awash with savings20 and finance capital is abundant — witness low or negative real interest rates in global bond markets — is moot21. The real driver of high growth in the economy is increasingly human capital.
  19世纪的公司法律框架允许股东-资本家对企业独家行使控制权。股东可以就董事选举等问题在年度股东大会上投票,而其他利益相关者不能。至于在如今全球储蓄充裕和金融资本富足(看看全球债券市场极低或处于负数区间的实际利率吧)的情况下,这种模式还是否合理,那是一个悬而未决的问题。但是人力资本日趋成为真正推动经济高增长的因素。
  These highly skilled people are at much greater risk from the bankruptcy22 of their employer than the fund managers or pension fund beneficiaries who hold investments in the company as part of widely diversified23 portfolios24. Yet pension fund trustees or professional fund managers, who tend to take a narrowly financial view of corporate performance, still retain the control rights in most quoted companies.
  相比那些作为多元化投资组合的一部分投资于公司的基金经理或养老基金受益人,高技能人才面临着高得多的雇主破产风险。然而,往往对公司业绩抱有狭隘财务观点的养老基金受托人或职业基金经理,仍然保留着多数上市公司的控制权。
  But in technology-intensive sectors the balance of power between owners of capital and entrepreneurs has swung dramatically toward the entrepreneurs. With companies like Facebook, flotation was not prompted by any need for new capital. The purpose has rather been to secure an exit for venture capitalists who backed the fledgling businesses. Going public also provides a currency with which to pay employees or finance future acquisitions.
  但在技术密集型的行业,资本所有者与企业家之间的力量平衡已经戏剧性转向企业家。像Facebook这样的公司,上市并非出于筹集新资本的需要,而是让那些支持过这家新兴公司的风险资本家退出。上市还为支付员工薪酬或未来收购提供了一种货币。
  Indeed, one of the reasons for excess global saving, which takes place in the corporate as well as the household sector12, is the shift from physical to human capital in the modern economy. Brain power is not capital-intensive.
  的确,全球储蓄过剩(既出现在企业界,也出现在家庭)的一个原因在于,现代经济的重心已从实物资本转向人力资本。聪明才智并不需要密集资本。
  With younger tech companies like Snap, the purpose of flotation is different: fresh equity25 fills the yawning gap between revenue and expenditure26.
  对于Snap这种较为年轻的科技公司,上市目的有所不同:新股本将填补收入与支出之间越来越大的缺口。
  In the technology sector the issue of fairness between the different stakeholders in the corporation has been unilaterally resolved by founding entrepreneurs who have retained voting control despite bringing in outside capital — the prime examples being Sergey Brin and Larry Page, co-founders of Google.
  在科技行业,公司内部不同利益相关者之间的公平问题迄今由创始企业家们单方面解决;尽管引入外部资本,但他们仍持有投票控制权,最好的例子是谷歌联合创始人谢尔盖?布林(Sergey Brin)和拉里?佩奇(Larry page)。
  In some companies the human capital contribution of employees has been properly recognised by the grant of stock with votes attached; in others, not. There is also a significant risk that in a rapidly evolving tech world — where some listed companies never make a profit and others lose their competitive edge — incumbent27 management cannot be fired to make way for new blood.
  在一些公司,员工的人力资本投入得到了合理承认,他们获得了附带投票权的股票;而在其他公司则没有。另一个重大风险是,在快速演变的科技界(一些上市公司从未盈利,还有一些丧失了竞争优势),无法炒掉现有管理层,让新鲜血液接手。
  Reluctant to engage
  不愿接触
  Poor management accountability in the tech sector coincides with another weakening of governance arising from changes in the structure of ownership. The number of investors28 willing or able to monitor, engage and hold management to account is dwindling29. High-profile activists30 such as Carl Icahn, Jeffrey Ubben of ValueAct and Bill Ackman of Pershing Square capture headlines, but the wider universe of conventional investors engaging with investee31 companies is going in a different direction.
  在科技行业管理问责机制比较薄弱的同时,所有权结构的变化也导致治理削弱。愿意或能够监督、接触管理层,并追究其责任的投资者数量在减少。卡尔?伊卡恩(Carl Icahn)、ValueAct的杰弗里?乌本(Jeffrey Ubben)和Pershing Square 的比尔?阿克曼(Bill Ackman)等高调维权投资者抢占新闻头条,但从传统投资者整体来看,与被投资公司接触的人反而在减少。
  Over the past half century, the structure of listed companies in most markets within the OECD, the Paris-based club of mostly rich nations, has moved from direct ownership to intermediary ownership by professional asset managers. In the UK, for example, direct individual ownership in listed companies decreased in the 50 years to 2014 from more than 50 per cent to just under 12 per cent. In the US, direct ownership has dropped from 84 per cent to 37 per cent.
  过去半个世纪,在总部设在巴黎、主要由富国组成的经合组织(OECD)多数市场上市的公司,在所有权结构上已从直接所有转向专业资产管理公司的中间所有。例如,在英国,在截至2014年的50年里,个人直接持有的上市公司股份已从50%以上降至不到12%。在美国,直接所有的比重已从84%降至37%。
  As Mats Isaksson and Serdar Celik of the OECD have pointed32 out, the great majority of intermediary investors lack the financial incentive33 to monitor and engage with managers. There is also a principal-agent problem: agents acting34 for pension scheme members are reluctant to engage in activism in relation to companies from whom they hope to win or retain pension fund mandates35. At the same time newer types of investors, such as high-frequency traders and hedge fund short sellers, have no interest in exercising ownership rights.
  正如经合组织的马茨?伊萨克森(Mats Isaksson)和塞尔达尔?塞利克(Serdar Celik)所指出的,绝大多数中间投资者缺乏监督和接触管理者的财务激励。这里还存在一个委托代理关系的问题:代表养老金计划成员的代理,不愿投入与他们希望赢得或保留养老基金投资委托的公司相关的维权活动。与此同时,高频交易员和对冲基金卖空者等较新型投资者对于行使所有权毫无兴趣。
  The difficulties of engaging are particularly acute for the growing band of passive investors, such as index tracking funds and exchange traded funds that own baskets of shares, bonds or commodities that are traded on exchanges. They operate in highly competitive, low-margin markets. Because of the cost of collecting and analysing information and engaging with management at large numbers of companies, many professional investors rely on the recommendations of proxy36 advisers37.
  对于数量日益增多的被动投资者(例如指数跟踪基金和拥有一篮子在交易所交易的股票、债券或大宗商品的交易所交易基金(ETF))而言,接触公司管理层的难度尤其大。它们在竞争激烈、利润率较低的市场运作。由于收集和分析信息以及接触公司管理层的成本高昂,很多专业投资者依赖代理顾问的建议。
  “The business model and governance approach of many passive investors look incompatible38 with the growing expectation on institutional investors to act as active, well-informed owners,” says Simon Wong, a leading corporate governance expert at Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago.
  芝加哥西北大学法学院(Northwestern University School of Law)领先的公司治理专家Simon Wong表示:“很多被动投资者的业务模式和治理方法,看上去与外界日益期望机构投资者充当活跃、了解情况的所有者不符。”
  The exception to the rule of slavish adherence39 to the proxy advisers’ recommendations relates to conflicts of interest. Proxy Insight, a company that monitors the voting behaviour of investors, has examined voting by the top 10 global institutional investors and looked at the correlation40 with the recommendations of ISS and Glass Lewis, the two biggest proxy advisers.
  不听从代理顾问建议的例外情况涉及利益冲突。监督投资者投票行为的Proxy Insight考察了全球10大机构投资者的投票行为,研究它们与两大代理顾问——机构股东服务(ISS)和Glass Lewis——建议的相关性。
  In 2016 these investors voted 90.3 per cent in line with ISS and 83.2 per cent in line with Glass Lewis on all recommendations. Yet on contentious41 votes such as boardroom pay the respective percentages dropped to 51.4 per cent and 29.5 per cent. In other words, the fund managers supported company boards against the advice of ISS and especially Glass Lewis, which is more aggressive on egregious42 pay awards. It is no coincidence that many fund managers have been attacked by proxy advisers for their own executive pay arrangements.
  2016年,这些投资者的投票有90.3%与ISS的建议相符,有83.2%与Glass Lewis的建议相符。然而,在董事会薪资等备受争议的投票上,两者的比例分别降至51.4%和29.5%。换句话说,相对于ISS的建议,基金经理更支持公司董事会,忽视了ISS和Glass Lewis(特别是后者)的建议,这两大代理顾问对过分的薪酬态度更严厉。并非巧合的是,很多基金管理公司本身的高管薪资安排也受到代理顾问的抨击。
  Restoring oversight43
  恢复监督
  All of this points to a growing governance vacuum. The resulting weakness in accountability is exacerbated44 by the growth of public sector investors such as sovereign wealth funds. With the notable exception of Norway’s fund, the world’s biggest, these secretive institutions are often reluctant to engage with companies in foreign jurisdictions45 because they fear being accused of meddling46 in other countries’ affairs.
  所有这些都显示治理真空日益扩大,而由此造成的问责机制薄弱,则因为公共部门投资者(如主权财富基金)的增多而加剧。除全球最大的主权财富基金挪威主权财富基金外,这些行事隐秘的机构往往不愿接触海外司法管辖地的公司,生怕自己被指责插手他国事务。
  An extreme example of public investment leading to a governance vacuum concerns the Bank of Japan’s quantitative47 easing measures. The BoJ’s asset buying programme now extends to equities48, which it is hoovering up at a rate of ¥6tn ($53bn) a year through purchases of ETFs.
  公共投资导致治理真空的一个极端例子与日本央行(Bank of Japan)的量化宽松举措有关。日本央行的资产购买计划现在扩大到股票,它正以每年6万亿日元(合530亿美元)的规模通过购买ETF大举购入股票。
  The central bank is thus a dominant49 player in the Japanese stock market. Yet the voting rights to its shares are retained by the companies running the ETFs, which have no incentive to engage in costly50 monitoring of corporate performance or to exercise their votes. The BoJ has thus diluted51 oversight of the Japanese corporate sector, which is notorious for its lack of accountability to shareholders, while blunting the impetus52 of the governance reforms pushed by Shinzo Abe, the prime minister.
  因此,日本央行是日本股市的主要参与者。然而,这些股票的投票权由管理ETF的公司保留,而它们没有兴趣投入大量人力物力监督公司表现或行使投票权。因此,日本央行稀释了对日本企业界的监督(日本企业本来就以缺乏股东问责机制出名),也妨碍了日本首相安倍晋三(Shinzo Abe)推动的治理改革努力。
  Today’s corporate governance agenda in the Anglosphere and Japan is heavily oriented towards stewardship54 by institutional investors. Yet insurance companies and pension funds — the natural long-term potential stewards53 — have been retreating from the equity market while less governance-minded institutions such as public sector funds and passive funds take over. The Office for National Statistics said British insurers and pension funds owned 8.9 per cent of the domestic equity market in 2014 compared with 43.3 per cent in 1998.
  如今,英语国家和日本的公司治理议程大大侧重于机构投资者的看管。然而,天然的长期潜在管家——保险公司和养老基金——正从股市退却,公共部门基金和被动型基金等治理意识较弱的机构正在补位。英国国家统计局(ONS)称,2014年,英国保险公司和养老基金占国内股市的8.9%,而1998年为43.3%。
  This dwindling rump of conventional institutional investors is, in effect, acting as a Platonic55 guardian56 of the corporate sector while lacking the Greek philosopher’s wisdom — witness their inability to address the excesses of boardroom pay and their shortcomings before the financial crisis, where they connived57 in excessive risk-taking and failed to constrain58 chief executives at failing banks, most notably59 Dick Fuld of Lehman Brothers and Fred Goodwin of RBS.
  实际上,这些日渐式微的传统机构投资者正成为企业界的“柏拉图”式守护者,只是缺乏这位希腊哲学家的智慧,看看他们无力解决董事会薪资过高的问题,以及金融危机之前的缺陷吧,那时他们默许了过度的冒险行为,而且未能制约一些失败银行的首席执行官,最引人注目的是雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)的迪克?富尔德(Dick Fuld)和苏格兰皇家银行(RBS)的弗雷德?古德温(Fred Goodwin)。
  Corporate governance is not yet a lost cause. Since Sir Adrian Cadbury’s committee produced its pioneering report in the UK in 1992, boards have become more professional. The ranks of shareholder activists are swelling60, although many have a short-term focus. Conventional institutions are increasingly willing to oppose management on issues such as excessive pay.
  然而,公司治理并非毫无希望。自从1992年阿德里安?卡德伯里爵士(Sir Adrian Cadbury)的委员会在英国发表那份开拓性的报告以来,董事会已变得更为专业。维权股东的行列在壮大,尽管很多人关注短线。传统机构越来越愿意在薪资过分等问题上反对管理层。
  Yet in much of the world the system remains61 overdependent on a shrinking band of shareholders whose willingness and ability to hold management to account is questionable62 — or, as in the case of Snap, who are forcibly excluded from any stewardship role.
  然而,在这个世界的很多地方,整个体制仍过于依赖一群日益减少的股东,而后者追究管理层责任的意愿和能力是带有问号的,或者就像在Snap的例子中,他们被排除在看管角色以外。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 shareholder VzPwU     
n.股东,股票持有人
参考例句:
  • The account department have prepare a financial statement for the shareholder.财务部为股东准备了一份财务报表。
  • A shareholder may transfer his shares in accordance with the law.股东持有的股份可以依法转让。
2 shareholders 7d3b0484233cf39bc3f4e3ebf97e69fe     
n.股东( shareholder的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The meeting was attended by 90% of shareholders. 90%的股东出席了会议。
  • the company's fiduciary duty to its shareholders 公司对股东负有的受托责任
3 dividend Fk7zv     
n.红利,股息;回报,效益
参考例句:
  • The company was forced to pass its dividend.该公司被迫到期不分红。
  • The first quarter dividend has been increased by nearly 4 per cent.第一季度的股息增长了近 4%。
4 high-tech high-tech     
adj.高科技的
参考例句:
  • The economy is in the upswing which makes high-tech services in more demand too.经济在蓬勃发展,这就使对高科技服务的需求量也在加大。
  • The quest of a cure for disease with high-tech has never ceased. 人们希望运用高科技治疗疾病的追求从未停止过。
5 founders 863257b2606659efe292a0bf3114782c     
n.创始人( founder的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He was one of the founders of the university's medical faculty. 他是该大学医学院的创建人之一。 来自辞典例句
  • The founders of our religion made this a cornerstone of morality. 我们宗教的创始人把这看作是道德的基石。 来自辞典例句
6 transparent Smhwx     
adj.明显的,无疑的;透明的
参考例句:
  • The water is so transparent that we can see the fishes swimming.水清澈透明,可以看到鱼儿游来游去。
  • The window glass is transparent.窗玻璃是透明的。
7 prospectus e0Hzm     
n.计划书;说明书;慕股书
参考例句:
  • An order form was included with the prospectus.订单附在说明书上。
  • The prospectus is the most important instrument of legal document.招股说明书是上市公司信息披露制度最重要法律文件。
8 dividends 8d58231a4112c505163466a7fcf9d097     
红利( dividend的名词复数 ); 股息; 被除数; (足球彩票的)彩金
参考例句:
  • Nothing pays richer dividends than magnanimity. 没有什么比宽宏大量更能得到厚报。
  • Their decision five years ago to computerise the company is now paying dividends. 五年前他们作出的使公司电脑化的决定现在正产生出效益。
9 minimally 0e3844f43172f471e75a897f7b3116da     
最低限度地,最低程度地
参考例句:
  • Food spoilage problems occur with minimally processed, concentrated frozen citrus products. 食品的变质也发生在轻微加工的、浓缩冷冻的柑橘制品中。
  • So, minimally, they are responsible for such actions and omissions. 所以,至少来说,他们要对这样的行为和忽略负责。
10 dubs f18576cb41617d8f67cb403367908ae4     
v.给…起绰号( dub的第三人称单数 );把…称为;配音;复制
参考例句:
11 corporate 7olzl     
adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的
参考例句:
  • This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
  • His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。
12 sector yjczYn     
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
参考例句:
  • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
  • The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。
13 sectors 218ffb34fa5fb6bc1691e90cd45ad627     
n.部门( sector的名词复数 );领域;防御地区;扇形
参考例句:
  • Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
14 underlying 5fyz8c     
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
参考例句:
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
15 implicit lkhyn     
a.暗示的,含蓄的,不明晰的,绝对的
参考例句:
  • A soldier must give implicit obedience to his officers. 士兵必须绝对服从他的长官。
  • Her silence gave implicit consent. 她的沉默表示默许。
16 residual SWcxl     
adj.复播复映追加时间;存留下来的,剩余的
参考例句:
  • There are still a few residual problems with the computer program.电脑程序还有一些残留问题。
  • The resulting residual chromatism is known as secondary spectrum.所得到的剩余色差叫做二次光谱。
17 creditors 6cb54c34971e9a505f7a0572f600684b     
n.债权人,债主( creditor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
18 plentiful r2izH     
adj.富裕的,丰富的
参考例句:
  • Their family has a plentiful harvest this year.他们家今年又丰收了。
  • Rainfall is plentiful in the area.这个地区雨量充足。
19 linguistic k0zxn     
adj.语言的,语言学的
参考例句:
  • She is pursuing her linguistic researches.她在从事语言学的研究。
  • The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.写作能力是对语言能力的最高形式的测试。
20 savings ZjbzGu     
n.存款,储蓄
参考例句:
  • I can't afford the vacation,for it would eat up my savings.我度不起假,那样会把我的积蓄用光的。
  • By this time he had used up all his savings.到这时,他的存款已全部用完。
21 moot x6Fza     
v.提出;adj.未决议的;n.大会;辩论会
参考例句:
  • The question mooted in the board meeting is still a moot point.那个在董事会上提出讨论的问题仍未决的。
  • The oil versus nuclear equation is largely moot.石油和核能之间的关系还很有争议。
22 bankruptcy fPoyJ     
n.破产;无偿付能力
参考例句:
  • You will have to pull in if you want to escape bankruptcy.如果你想避免破产,就必须节省开支。
  • His firm is just on thin ice of bankruptcy.他的商号正面临破产的危险。
23 diversified eumz2W     
adj.多样化的,多种经营的v.使多样化,多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 );进入新的商业领域
参考例句:
  • The college biology department has diversified by adding new courses in biotechnology. 该学院生物系通过增加生物技术方面的新课程而变得多样化。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Take grain as the key link, develop a diversified economy and ensure an all-round development. 以粮为纲,多种经营,全面发展。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
24 portfolios e8f0c85d58b4bbb32ca8f22222a8ee54     
n.投资组合( portfolio的名词复数 );(保险)业务量;(公司或机构提供的)系列产品;纸夹
参考例句:
  • Price risk arises in non-trading portfolios, as well as in trading portfolios. 价格风险中出现的非贸易投资,以及在贸易投资组合。 来自互联网
  • How do we fatten our portfolios and stay financially healthy? 我们怎样育肥我们的投资结构和维持财政健康呢? 来自互联网
25 equity ji8zp     
n.公正,公平,(无固定利息的)股票
参考例句:
  • They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
  • To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值,墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。
26 expenditure XPbzM     
n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出;使用,消耗
参考例句:
  • The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
  • The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。
27 incumbent wbmzy     
adj.成为责任的,有义务的;现任的,在职的
参考例句:
  • He defeated the incumbent governor by a large plurality.他以压倒多数票击败了现任州长。
  • It is incumbent upon you to warn them.你有责任警告他们。
28 investors dffc64354445b947454450e472276b99     
n.投资者,出资者( investor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a con man who bilked investors out of millions of dollars 诈取投资者几百万元的骗子
  • a cash bonanza for investors 投资者的赚钱机会
29 dwindling f139f57690cdca2d2214f172b39dc0b9     
adj.逐渐减少的v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • The number of wild animals on the earth is dwindling. 地球上野生动物的数量正日渐减少。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He is struggling to come to terms with his dwindling authority. 他正努力适应自己权力被削弱这一局面。 来自辞典例句
30 activists 90fd83cc3f53a40df93866d9c91bcca4     
n.(政治活动的)积极分子,活动家( activist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
  • Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》
31 investee investee     
n.接受投资者
参考例句:
  • Our investee banks are now well against the challenges ahead.受资助银行如今可以很好地防范未来的挑战。
  • Besides selecting technological ventures for investment,the venture capital firms provide management advice to the investee companies.除甄选适宜投资的科技开发项目外,创业资金公司也为获得投资的公司提供管理意
32 pointed Il8zB4     
adj.尖的,直截了当的
参考例句:
  • He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
  • She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。
33 incentive j4zy9     
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机
参考例句:
  • Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中,钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
  • He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。
34 acting czRzoc     
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
参考例句:
  • Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
  • During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。
35 mandates 2acac1276dba74275e1c7c1a20146ad9     
托管(mandate的第三人称单数形式)
参考例句:
  • Individual mandates would require all people to purchase health insurance. 个人托管要求所有人都要购买健康保险。
  • While I agree with those benefits, I'm not a supporter of mandates. 我同意上述好处,我不是授权软件的支持者。
36 proxy yRXxN     
n.代理权,代表权;(对代理人的)委托书;代理人
参考例句:
  • You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。
  • We enclose a form of proxy for use at the Annual General Meeting.我们附上委任年度大会代表的表格。
37 advisers d4866a794d72d2a666da4e4803fdbf2e     
顾问,劝告者( adviser的名词复数 ); (指导大学新生学科问题等的)指导教授
参考例句:
  • a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
  • She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。
38 incompatible y8oxu     
adj.不相容的,不协调的,不相配的
参考例句:
  • His plan is incompatible with my intent.他的计划与我的意图不相符。
  • Speed and safety are not necessarily incompatible.速度和安全未必不相容。
39 adherence KyjzT     
n.信奉,依附,坚持,固着
参考例句:
  • He was well known for his adherence to the rules.他因遵循这些规定而出名。
  • The teacher demanded adherence to the rules.老师要求学生们遵守纪律。
40 correlation Rogzg     
n.相互关系,相关,关连
参考例句:
  • The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.第二组测量数据与第一组高度相关。
  • A high correlation exists in America between education and economic position.教育和经济地位在美国有极密切的关系。
41 contentious fa9yk     
adj.好辩的,善争吵的
参考例句:
  • She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
  • Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起,他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。
42 egregious j8RyE     
adj.非常的,过分的
参考例句:
  • When it comes to blatant lies,there are none more egregious than budget figures.谈到公众谎言,没有比预算数字更令人震惊的。
  • What an egregious example was here!现摆着一个多么触目惊心的例子啊。
43 oversight WvgyJ     
n.勘漏,失察,疏忽
参考例句:
  • I consider this a gross oversight on your part.我把这件事看作是你的一大疏忽。
  • Your essay was not marked through an oversight on my part.由于我的疏忽你的文章没有打分。
44 exacerbated 93c37be5dc6e60a8bbd0f2eab618d2eb     
v.使恶化,使加重( exacerbate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs. 这些症状可能会因为某些药物而加重。
  • The drugs they gave her only exacerbated the pain. 他们给她吃的药只是加重了她的痛楚。 来自《简明英汉词典》
45 jurisdictions 56c6bce4efb3de7be8c795d15d592c2c     
司法权( jurisdiction的名词复数 ); 裁判权; 管辖区域; 管辖范围
参考例句:
  • Butler entreated him to remember the act abolishing the heritable jurisdictions. 巴特勒提醒他注意废除世袭审判权的国会法令。
  • James I personally adjudicated between the two jurisdictions. 詹姆士一世亲自裁定双方纠纷。
46 meddling meddling     
v.干涉,干预(他人事务)( meddle的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He denounced all "meddling" attempts to promote a negotiation. 他斥责了一切“干预”促成谈判的企图。 来自辞典例句
  • They liked this field because it was never visited by meddling strangers. 她们喜欢这块田野,因为好事的陌生人从来不到那里去。 来自辞典例句
47 quantitative TCpyg     
adj.数量的,定量的
参考例句:
  • He said it was only a quantitative difference.他说这仅仅是数量上的差别。
  • We need to do some quantitative analysis of the drugs.我们对药物要进行定量分析。
48 equities 501c457a1f918a4b41824052f5a3f5eb     
普通股,股票
参考例句:
  • These are invested mainly in the OECD bonds and equities. 这些资产主要投资于经济合作及发展组织的债券与股票市场。
  • They are also advantage of the global rebound in equities. 它们还在利用全球股市反弹的机会。
49 dominant usAxG     
adj.支配的,统治的;占优势的;显性的;n.主因,要素,主要的人(或物);显性基因
参考例句:
  • The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
  • She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。
50 costly 7zXxh     
adj.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的
参考例句:
  • It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
  • This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用,左不过贵了些。
51 diluted 016e8d268a5a89762de116a404413fef     
无力的,冲淡的
参考例句:
  • The paint can be diluted with water to make a lighter shade. 这颜料可用水稀释以使色度淡一些。
  • This pesticide is diluted with water and applied directly to the fields. 这种杀虫剂用水稀释后直接施用在田里。
52 impetus L4uyj     
n.推动,促进,刺激;推动力
参考例句:
  • This is the primary impetus behind the economic recovery.这是促使经济复苏的主要动力。
  • Her speech gave an impetus to my ideas.她的讲话激发了我的思绪。
53 stewards 5967fcba18eb6c2dacaa4540a2a7c61f     
(轮船、飞机等的)乘务员( steward的名词复数 ); (俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的)管理员; (大型活动的)组织者; (私人家中的)管家
参考例句:
  • The stewards all wore armbands. 乘务员都戴了臂章。
  • The stewards will inspect the course to see if racing is possible. 那些干事将检视赛马场看是否适宜比赛。
54 stewardship 67597d4670d772414c8766d094e5851d     
n. n. 管理工作;管事人的职位及职责
参考例句:
  • The organization certainly prospered under his stewardship. 不可否认,这个组织在他的管理下兴旺了起来。
  • Last, but certainly not least, are the issues of stewardship and ethics. 最后,但当然不是微不足道的,是工作和道德规范的问题。
55 platonic 5OMxt     
adj.精神的;柏拉图(哲学)的
参考例句:
  • Their friendship is based on platonic love.他们的友情是基于柏拉图式的爱情。
  • Can Platonic love really exist in real life?柏拉图式的爱情,在现实世界里到底可能吗?
56 guardian 8ekxv     
n.监护人;守卫者,保护者
参考例句:
  • The form must be signed by the child's parents or guardian. 这张表格须由孩子的家长或监护人签字。
  • The press is a guardian of the public weal. 报刊是公共福利的卫护者。
57 connived ec373bf4aaa10dd288a5e4aabc013742     
v.密谋 ( connive的过去式和过去分词 );搞阴谋;默许;纵容
参考例句:
  • Her brother is believed to have connived at her murder. 据信她的哥哥没有制止对她的谋杀。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The jailer connived at the escape from prison. 狱吏纵容犯人的逃狱。 来自辞典例句
58 constrain xpCzL     
vt.限制,约束;克制,抑制
参考例句:
  • She tried to constrain herself from a cough in class.上课时她竭力忍住不咳嗽。
  • The study will examine the factors which constrain local economic growth.这项研究将考查抑制当地经济发展的因素。
59 notably 1HEx9     
adv.值得注意地,显著地,尤其地,特别地
参考例句:
  • Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席,特别是连班长也没来。
  • A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小,一头银发,每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。
60 swelling OUzzd     
n.肿胀
参考例句:
  • Use ice to reduce the swelling. 用冰敷消肿。
  • There is a marked swelling of the lymph nodes. 淋巴结处有明显的肿块。
61 remains 1kMzTy     
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
参考例句:
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
62 questionable oScxK     
adj.可疑的,有问题的
参考例句:
  • There are still a few questionable points in the case.这个案件还有几个疑点。
  • Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。
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