托福阅读背景知识：地球能源循环系统

 　　托福阅读真题再现：

　　地球能源循环系统

　　讲的是那个地球能源有内部能源和外部能源。

　　主要收集太阳光照(占了地球能源很大比例)

　　还做了对比说人类所消耗的能源是什么什么数(与地球内部能源比起来微不足道)(这有老师问为什么提人类消耗的能源)有一段讲月亮与地球之间的牵引导致了潮汐(这也有考题 问月亮对地球的影响 有一个超级逗比的模糊选项说月球导致地球潮汐之后使得地球上的海岸线重新形成。。。)还有一段讲的是云啊什么的作用 在说明地球没有全部吸引光能 40%被折射回去 吸收的之后各种转化 最后又回到太空。

　　这里有几道老师：1. 如果云多了地球会怎样 答案一定是反射回去的能量多了呗2. 吸收的过程是怎么样的 答案应该是复杂的

　　貌似2. 是个单词题

　　新东方富亦聪解析：

　　解析：此类分类型文章，需要关注各分类项目下的内容条目。用结构化阅读的方法做好笔记，最后的主旨题比较容易从正向选出，节省宝贵时间。

　　相关背景：

　　Earth's energy budget

　　[From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]

　　Earth's climate is largely determined¹ by the planet's energy budget, i.e., the balance of incoming and outgoing radiation. It is measured by satellites and shown in W/m2.

　　Earth's energy budget or Earth's radiation balance, describes the net flow of energy into Earth in the form of shortwave radiation and the outgoing infrared² radiation out to space.

　　The Earth's equilibrium³ surface temperature is defined by radiative equilibrium, the balance between the incident and outgoing radiation budget. Climate change is defined by changes in Earth's energy budget.

　　Outgoing, longwave flux⁴ radiation at the top-of-atmosphere (Jan 26-27, 2012). Heat energy radiated from Earth (in watts⁵ per square meter) is shown in shades of yellow, red, blue and white. The brightest-yellow areas are the hottest and are emitting the most energy out to space, while the dark blue areas and the bright white clouds are much colder, emitting the least energy.

　　Received radiation is unevenly⁶ distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions. Earth’s heat engine, are the coupled processes of the atmosphere and hydrosphere to even out solar heating imbalances through evaporation⁷ of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds, and ocean circulation. The Earth's energy balance will depend on many factors, with the incident absorption varying with atmospheric⁸ and surface factors including cloud cover (albedo), snow cover, atmospheric aerosols⁹, and vegetation and land use patterns, and the outgoing radiation also varying with atmospheric and surface emissivity. These factors all vary with time.

　　Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget changes do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia¹⁰ (slow response) of the oceans and cryosphere to react to the new energy budget. The net heat flux is buffered¹¹ primarily in the ocean heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between incoming and outgoing radiative forcing and climate response.

　　When the amount of the solar energy reaching Earth equals the thermal¹² energy amount being radiated out, the radiative forcings are in a state of radiative equilibrium or balance.

　　Incoming radiant energy (shortwave)

　　The total amount of energy received by Earth's atmosphere is normally measured in watts and determined by the solar constant. Earth incoming solar radiation depends on day-night cycles and the angle at which sun rays strike, thus calculated by its cross section and distribution on the planets surface, calculated with 4·π·RE2, in sum one-fourth the solar constant (approximately 340 W/m2, plus or minus 2 W/m2). Since the absorption varies with location as well as with diurnal¹³, seasonal¹⁴, and annual variations, numbers quoted are long-term averages, typically averaged from multiple satellite measurements.

　　Of the ~340 W/m2 of incident solar radiation intercepted¹⁵ by the Earth, an average of ~77 W/m2 is reflected back to space by clouds and the atmosphere and ~23 W/m2 is reflected by the surface albedo, leaving about 240 W/m2 of solar energy input¹⁶ to the Earth's energy budget.

　　Earth's internal heat and other small effectsThe geothermal heat flux from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts. This comes to 0.087 watt/square meter, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.

　　There are other minor¹⁷ sources of energy that are usually ignored in these calculations: accretion¹⁸ of interplanetary dust and solar wind, light from distant stars, the thermal radiation of space. Although these are now known to be negligibly small, this was not always obvious: Joseph Fourier initially¹⁹ thought radiation from deep space was significant when he discussed the Earth's energy budget in a paper often cited as the first on the greenhouse effect.

　　Outgoing radiant energy (longwave)

　　Of the incident solar energy, about 77 W/m2 is absorbed in the atmosphere, and the remainder by the surface (both land and ocean). Heat energy is then transported between surface, ocean, and atmosphere by infrared radiated by the planet surface layers (land and ocean) to the atmosphere, and from the atmosphere to the surface; and transported via evapotranspiration (84.4 W/m2, the latent heat) or conduction/convection (18.4 W/m2) processes. Ultimately, the energy is then radiated in the form of thermal infrared radiation back into space.

　　Earth's energy imbalance

　　If the incoming energy flux is not equal to the outgoing thermal (infrared) radiation, the result is an energy imbalance, resulting in net heat added to the planet (if the incoming flux is larger than the outgoing). Earth's Energy Imbalance measurements provided by Argo floats detected accumulation of ocean heat content (OHC) in the recent decade. The estimated imbalance is 0.58± 0.15 W/m2.

　　Several satellites have been launched into Earth's orbit that indirectly²⁰ measure the energy absorbed and radiated by Earth, and by inference the energy imbalance. The NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) project involves three such satellites: the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), launched October 1984; NOAA-9, launched December 1984; and NOAA-10, launched September 1986.

　　Today the NASA satellite instruments, provided by CERES, part of the NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), are especially designed to measure both solar-reflected and Earth-emitted radiation from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) to the Earth's surface.

 

1 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

2 infrared   

adj./n.红外线(的)

参考例句：

• Infrared is widely used in industry and medical science.红外线广泛应用于工业和医学科学。
• Infrared radiation has wavelengths longer than those of visible light.红外辐射的波长比可见光的波长长。

3 equilibrium   

n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静

参考例句：

• Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium.我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
• This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant.这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。

4 flux   

n.流动；不断的改变

参考例句：

• The market is in a constant state of flux.市场行情在不断变化。
• In most reactors,there is a significant flux of fast neutrons.在大部分反应堆中都有一定强度的快中子流。

5 watts   

（电力计量单位）瓦，瓦特( watt的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• My lamp uses 60 watts; my toaster uses 600 watts. 我的灯用60瓦，我的烤面包器用600瓦。
• My lamp uses 40 watts. 我的灯40瓦。

6 unevenly   

adv.不均匀的

参考例句：

• Fuel resources are very unevenly distributed. 燃料资源分布很不均匀。
• The cloth is dyed unevenly. 布染花了。

7 evaporation   

n.蒸发，消失

参考例句：

• Be careful not to lose too much liquid by evaporation.小心不要因蒸发失去太多水分。
• Our bodies can sweat,thereby losing heat by evaporation.我们的身体能出汗，由此可以蒸发散热。

8 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

9 aerosols   

n.气溶胶( aerosol的名词复数 )；喷雾剂；（气体中的）浮粒；喷雾器

参考例句：

• Aerosols are present throughout the atmosphere. 气溶胶存在于整个大气层。 来自辞典例句
• Deodorants are available as aerosols or roll-ons. 除臭剂有喷雾装或滚抹装。 来自辞典例句

10 inertia   

adj.惰性，惯性，懒惰，迟钝

参考例句：

• We had a feeling of inertia in the afternoon.下午我们感觉很懒。
• Inertia carried the plane onto the ground.飞机靠惯性着陆。

11 buffered   

[医]缓冲的

参考例句：

• The drug buffered his pain. 药物减轻了他的病痛。
• The reaction should be buffered to a pH of between 6 and 11. 应使反应缓冲到pH值为6～11。

12 thermal   

adj.热的，由热造成的；保暖的

参考例句：

• They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
• Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。

13 diurnal   

adj.白天的，每日的

参考例句：

• Kangaroos are diurnal animals.袋鼠是日间活动的动物。
• Over water the diurnal change in refraction is likely to be small. 在水面上，折光的周日变化可能是很小的。

14 seasonal   

adj.季节的，季节性的

参考例句：

• The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
• The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。

15 intercepted   

拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻

参考例句：

• Reporters intercepted him as he tried to leave the hotel. 他正要离开旅馆，记者们把他拦截住了。
• Reporters intercepted him as he tried to leave by the rear entrance. 他想从后门溜走，记者把他截住了。

16 input   

n.输入(物)；投入；vt.把(数据等)输入计算机

参考例句：

• I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
• All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。

17 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

18 accretion   

n.自然的增长，增加物

参考例句：

• Every culture is an accretion.每一种文化都是长期积淀的结果。
• An accretion of sediment at the mouth of the river caused serious flooding.河口堆积物的增加导致河水严重泛滥。

19 initially   

adv.最初，开始

参考例句：

• The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
• Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。

20 indirectly   

adv.间接地，不直接了当地

参考例句：

• I heard the news indirectly.这消息我是间接听来的。
• They were approached indirectly through an intermediary.通过一位中间人，他们进行了间接接触。