托福送分题型——词汇题

 　　童鞋，看了这个标题的前半截你是不是有点激动?送分呢!(宝宝们聚集起来!)但是看到是词汇题，词汇量少的宝宝是不是又有点绝望(宝宝们别着急散去啊!)。词汇题正是阅读题型中“难者不会，会者不难”神一样的存在。今天我们就来一窥究竟吧!找找那些被你忽视的解题线索。

　　词汇量少的宝宝可看好了哦!

　　最易忽视的线索1：与词汇搭配的介词。

　　任何词性的单词与介词搭配，词义都由介词的词义定。举个简单的例子：seek for/search for/hunt for/look for，都由for 来搭配，虽然四个动词从词义上来说有区别，但都是表示找寻什么，也是因为介词for的作用。For有表“目标”的意思。

　　TPO1-2

　　24. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant¹ for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous² theater.

　　The word “penchant” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Compromise B. Inclination³ C. Tradition D. Respect

　　解析：介词for可以用来表示“去向，趋势”。比如：I’ll leave for Chicago tomorrow.四个选项里面B具有明显的趋向性，所以答案为B。

　　DELTA⁴ EXERCISE

　　When hoisted⁵ up in the sky, the microscopic⁶ particles act as multiple surfaces on which the moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets⁷.

　　The word “hoisted”in the passage is close in meaning to

　　A. Lifted B.Grouped C. Returned D. Pointed⁸

　　解析：介词up可以用来表示“在……上面”,所以答案为A。

　　TPO1-3

　　37. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating⁹ ground water…

　　The word “plugged”in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. washed B. dragged C. filled up D. Soaked through

　　解析：介词with可以用来表示“在一起、用、有”。plugged 所在句子句意大致为：原本的颗粒之间的缝隙并没有完全被粘性的化学物质所XX。鉴于有with，可以猜测是因为粘性的化学物质把缝隙连起来了，C选项的filledup表示填充，正好符合，所以答案为C。

　　DELTA EXERCISE

　　One of the rose’s most common associations in folklore¹⁰ is with death. The Romans oftendecked the tombs of the dead with roses;

　　The word “decked” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Painted B. Separated C. Decorated D. Disguised

　　解析：decked和介词with这里搭配，with就表示“用和伴随”。那么通过句意可以猜到是用玫瑰花装饰死者的坟墓，所以答案为C。

　　TPO2-3

　　37. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule¹¹ peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

　　The word expanded in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Was enlarged B. Was improved

　　C. Was varied¹² D. Was rejected

　　解析：expanded和介词from…to在这里搭配，而from…to本来就表示变化。from后面是1or 2 inches (in height)1或2英寸高，to后面是life-size…6 or 9 feet真实大小，6或9英尺。那么“从小变大”，答案为A。

　　线索2：逻辑关系-转折or 同义重申。所以答案应该在与原文句子里的单词有近义词或反义词当中寻找。是不是太简单粗暴了?是的，我们就是这样的。

　　所有的逻辑关系我们都可以简化为转折和同义重申。有转折词的即为转折，无转折词的即为同义重申(同样的范畴和语气通过不同的方式再说一次)。

　　词与词之间：

　　TPO1-2

　　15. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation¹³, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

　　The word “championed”in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Changed B. Debated C. Created D. Supported

　　解析：The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists……中，championed其实是和accepted是并列的关系，都是用来修饰theory的。那么accepted这个词是个常规词汇，意思为接受，那么championed也就是相近的意思，那么答案为D，接受的，支持的。

　　句子内部：

　　TPO 2-1

　　3. There is little doubt, however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid¹⁴ lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological¹⁵ balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.

　　The word delicate in the passage isclosest in meaning to

　　A. fragile B. predictable C. complex D. valuable

　　解析：exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures中，delicate是用来修饰ecological balance的，后面紧跟着有个“and”，因此其语气应该和后面的limited in the potential 一致。Limited是个常规词汇，意为有限的，语气为负面的，那么作为并列delicate也应该是负面的语气，用来修饰生态平衡，那么答案为A，脆弱的生态平衡。

　　TPO2-2

　　16. Although limited to askull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.

　　The word precious in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Exact B. Scarce C. Valuable D. Initial

　　解析：precious所在的句子的主句与其从句因为although呈现出转折的逻辑关系，所以precious的语气和词义应该与limited相反。limited为有限的，语气为负面，所以precious的语气应为正面的积极的，答案为C，意为有价值的。

　　7. Since the raising of most crops necessitates¹⁶ the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts¹⁷ of land devoid¹⁸ of a plant cover and susceptible¹⁹ to wind and water erosion.

　　The phrase devoid of in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in

　　解析：devoid所在的主句与从句因为since逻辑关系为因果，被我们划为同义重申。那么从句句意为因为绝大多数的庄稼的培植必须事先移除土地的自然植被，所以主句说一旦庄稼种植失败，就留下了大面积的土地devoid植物的覆盖，当然是没有植物的覆盖了，所以答案为D。当然还可以根据主句内部的and判断出与and后面的句意的逻辑关系为并列，后面说susceptible to wind and the water erosion容易受到风和水的腐蚀，可以判断出前文应该是没有植物的覆盖，答案为D。但是susceptible to这个词汇很多同学都不认识，所以还是前一种方法对于此题更可行。

　　句与句之间：

　　DELTA EXERCISE

　　Cool has with stood the fleeting²⁰ nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun,and as a verb,cool has been around along time.

　　The word “fleeting”in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Temporary B. Youthful C. Emotional D. Popular

　　解析：fleeting这句和后一句的逻辑关系为同义重申，因为后一句开头没有转折。后一句讲到cool已经存在很长的时间了，所以讲的是时间的范畴，那么选项应该也是时间的。A和B都有点和时间有关联。但是因为第一句有with stood词义为禁得住，第一句的句意为绝大多数俚语有着一个特质即为fleeting，而cool却经受住了这样的考验。加上后句讲存在了很长的时间，结合起来也就是说cool经受住了俚语随时间快速消逝的考验，所以答案为A，短暂的。简而言之，别的俚语都很快就消逝了，而cool却流传下来。

　　TPO3-3

　　38. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax²¹ communities all over the world are being severely²² damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic²³ explosion of Mount St Helens, in the north-western United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

　　The word pales in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A. Increases proportionally B.Differs

　　C. Loses significance D. Is common

　　解析：pales所在的句子一开头并没有转折词汇出现，所以与前一句的逻辑关系为同义重申，因此重点在于读懂前一句的句意。前一句为：生态学家特别想知道是哪些因素导致了群落的复苏，因为全世界的顶级群落都正在被人类的活动所严重破坏。请宝宝们注意严重这个词。pales所在的句子紧接着就举例了，结果举了个大自然活动的破坏的例子，并把大自然活动的破坏和人类互动的破坏放在一起比较，根据同义重申的逻辑关系，应该是人类活动的破坏性很严重，那么正话反说，大自然活动的破坏性就没有人类活动的破坏性强。所以答案为C，没那么严重。

1 penchant   

n.爱好，嗜好；（强烈的）倾向

参考例句：

• She has a penchant for Indian food.她爱吃印度食物。
• He had a penchant for playing jokes on people.他喜欢拿人开玩笑。

2 autonomous   

adj.自治的；独立的

参考例句：

• They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
• This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。

3 inclination   

n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好

参考例句：

• She greeted us with a slight inclination of the head.她微微点头向我们致意。
• I did not feel the slightest inclination to hurry.我没有丝毫着急的意思。

4 delta   

n.（流的）角洲

参考例句：

• He has been to the delta of the Nile.他曾去过尼罗河三角洲。
• The Nile divides at its mouth and forms a delta.尼罗河在河口分岔，形成了一个三角洲。

5 hoisted   

把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He hoisted himself onto a high stool. 他抬身坐上了一张高凳子。
• The sailors hoisted the cargo onto the deck. 水手们把货物吊到甲板上。

6 microscopic   

adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的

参考例句：

• It's impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。
• A plant's lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。

7 droplets   

n.小滴( droplet的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Droplets of sweat were welling up on his forehead. 他额头上冒出了滴滴汗珠。 来自辞典例句
• In constrast, exhaled smoke contains relatively large water droplets and appears white. 相反，从人嘴里呼出的烟则包含相当大的水滴，所以呈白色。 来自辞典例句

8 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

9 percolating   

n.渗透v.滤( percolate的现在分词 )；渗透；（思想等）渗透；渗入

参考例句：

• Bubbles simply supply a short cut for the faster-moving percolating gas. 气泡不过是对快速运动的渗透气体提供了一条捷径。 来自辞典例句
• I' ll percolate some coffee, ie make it by percolating. 我去用过滤法煮些咖啡。 来自辞典例句

10 folklore   

n.民间信仰，民间传说，民俗

参考例句：

• Zhuge Liang is a synonym for wisdom in folklore.诸葛亮在民间传说中成了智慧的代名词。
• In Chinese folklore the bat is an emblem of good fortune.在中国的民间传说中蝙蝠是好运的象征。

11 minuscule   

adj.非常小的；极不重要的

参考例句：

• The human race only a minuscule portion of the earth's history.人类只有占有极小部分地球历史。
• As things stand,Hong Kong's renminbi banking system is minuscule.就目前的情况而言，香港的人民币银行体系可谓微不足道。

12 varied   

adj.多样的，多变化的

参考例句：

• The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
• The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。

13 speculation   

n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机

参考例句：

• Her mind is occupied with speculation.她的头脑忙于思考。
• There is widespread speculation that he is going to resign.人们普遍推测他要辞职。

14 semiarid   

adj.雨量非常少的，半干旱的

参考例句：

• The region is semiarid to arid in overall climate.这个地区总体上是半干旱至干旱气候。
• In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.在很多半干旱地带也有下层的树带界限，在这种环境中，由于缺乏水分，森林下缘逐渐变成干草原或者是沙漠。

15 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

16 necessitates   

使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The increase in population necessitates a greater food supply. 人口的增加需要更多食物供应。
• Your proposal necessitates borrowing money. 你的提议使借款成为必要。

17 tracts   

大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文

参考例句：

• vast tracts of forest 大片大片的森林
• There are tracts of desert in Australia. 澳大利亚有大片沙漠。

18 devoid   

adj.全无的，缺乏的

参考例句：

• He is completely devoid of humour.他十分缺乏幽默。
• The house is totally devoid of furniture.这所房子里什么家具都没有。

19 susceptible   

adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的

参考例句：

• Children are more susceptible than adults.孩子比成人易受感动。
• We are all susceptible to advertising.我们都易受广告的影响。

20 fleeting   

adj.短暂的，飞逝的

参考例句：

• The girls caught only a fleeting glimpse of the driver.女孩们只匆匆瞥了一眼司机。
• Knowing the life fleeting,she set herself to enjoy if as best as she could.她知道这种日子转瞬即逝，于是让自已尽情地享受。

21 climax   

n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点

参考例句：

• The fifth scene was the climax of the play.第五场是全剧的高潮。
• His quarrel with his father brought matters to a climax.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点。

22 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。

23 volcanic   

adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的

参考例句：

• There have been several volcanic eruptions this year.今年火山爆发了好几次。
• Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。