托福阅读撩题必备技能——后置定语

　　后置定语在考试中是一个应用比较普遍的语法概念，通过后置定语的识别以此快速确立句子或者短语的中心，有助于我们在分析语段的过程中适时聚焦注意力，同时不少题目也会涉及到与后置定语相关的线索(句子简化题居多)，那今天我们从其他的几个题型来感受一下它的威力吧。

　　常见的后置定语表现形式：

　　The leaders (present at the meeting) are very famous

　　His lover (for his country) is very great

　　The kid (running on the ground) is cute

　　The girl (punished by the teacher) cried

　　She has a meeting (to attend)

　　Ilike the chocolate (that you bought for me yesterday)

　　Paragraph4: Forehead rubbing by male deer on buckrubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the samespecies. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent². For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second,because only male deer rub, the buck¹ rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older more dominant³ bucks⁴ produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular⁵ secretions⁶ on a given rub. Thus, the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crudemeasure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactorysignals on a buck rub makes it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting⁸ by bull elk⁹.

　　What can be inferred fromparagraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

　　○Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

　　○Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory⁷ signals to convey information about their identity.

　　○Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

　　○Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

　　这是一道推断题，较有难度，根据题干定位后发现解题区间在原文的最后2句话，都是长难句，我们来逐一分析一下;根据trumpeting先是定位到最后一句，这个句子包含了后置定语conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub,读到这里发现并不是句子重心,后面的makes it social equivalent才是句子重心，由此能感觉到作者意在做类比，非常符合推断题的解题思路哦，比较对象分别是通过olfactory (rub) 传达的信号和通过auditory(trumpeting)传达的信号，这两种信号具有相同的社会功能;

　　上一句依然包含了后置定语，being in the general vicinity ........in a given area，所以句子重心在前，讲的是rub的出现代表着周围有older, higher-status的buck

　　最后我们尝试联系一下这2句话，得出的结论是:olfactory(rub)→higher status buck

　　=auditory(trumpeting)→higher status bull elk,选择A

　　The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since theentry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlerstold of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath be moaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia Riveron November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided¹⁰ to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once pictures quely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination¹¹ in order to protect the crops."

　　According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

　　○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.

　　○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.

　　○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.

　　○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.

　　这是一道细节题，解题策略会相对更简单粗暴一些，根据题干1832我们定位到and his final contact with the fort in 1832，这里读一下发现并没有回答题目，那下一句应该继续再讲1832年之后的故事，由此往下看是一个长难句，出现了后置定语which once picturesquely¹² dotted the meadows around the fort,并不是句子重心，句子重心在were gone, 表示这些鹿都消失了，以此为线索可以确定包含destroyed的选项C为同义改写选项

　　The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization¹³ of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated¹⁴ plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied¹⁵ inventory¹⁶ of fishing implements¹⁷ and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites¹⁸ originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundredrelated languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E.The culture of that time, based on archaeology¹⁹ and linguistic²⁰ reconstruction,is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro,yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut²¹, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed²² the basic foundation for an effective maritime²³ adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

　　All of the following are mentioned inparagraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

　　○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages

　　○ avariety of fishing techniques

　　○ navigational skills

　　○ knowledge of plant cultivation²⁴

　　这是一道排除题，几个正确选项在第一句话里都分别有提及，而错误选项A并非完全没有提到，它的位置在第二句话的前半个分句,这里依然出现后置定语speaking Austronesian languages,用以修饰people,而不是A选项提到的中心词knowledge,所以选A

　　■There is a danger, of course, that playmay be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leadingto aggression²⁵. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator²⁶ behaviors.■Thus, many species have evolved clear signalsto delineate playfulness.■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails,get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.”■

　　With messages such as those, evendogsthat are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes

　　再看一道插入题，插入题我们一般会关注插入句中的逻辑词比如这里有even,那我们换个角度看一下，这里发现了后置定语that are strangers to each other用以修饰前面的dogs,所以插入句中提到的狗不是泛泛而指的狗哦，而是互相不认识的狗。回到原文发现最后一句话开始提到Dogs，是泛指,插入句中的dogs被后置定语限定过，是特指，特指放在泛指后面，选D

　　The raising of live stock is a major economic activity in semiarid²⁷ lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock²⁸ grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling²⁹ and pulverization³⁰ of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.

　　○Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation insemiarid lands.

　　最后这是一道段落小结题，该段落第一句话为段落主题句，同时出现了后置定语where grasses aregenerally the dominant type of natural vegetation，句子重心在前，强调家畜的饲养为主要经济活动，中心词是the raising of livestock,后面的内容也是围绕着这个词展开的，讲的是这种活动对于该地区产生的影响，不再涉及后置定语中有关grass的讨论;所以这个选项就自然排除啦。

　　关于后置定语的介绍就先到这了，那这个技能同学们都掌握了吗?学会了的话我们就尝试把它练到满级吧，相信在托福阅读中你一定用得到哦。

1 buck   

n.雄鹿，雄兔；v.马离地跳跃

参考例句：

• The boy bent curiously to the skeleton of the buck.这个男孩好奇地弯下身去看鹿的骸骨。
• The female deer attracts the buck with high-pitched sounds.雌鹿以尖声吸引雄鹿。

2 scent   

n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉

参考例句：

• The air was filled with the scent of lilac.空气中弥漫着丁香花的芬芳。
• The flowers give off a heady scent at night.这些花晚上散发出醉人的芳香。

3 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

4 bucks   

n.雄鹿( buck的名词复数 )；钱；（英国十九世纪初的）花花公子；（用于某些表达方式）责任v.（马等）猛然弓背跃起( buck的第三人称单数 )；抵制；猛然震荡；马等尥起后蹄跳跃

参考例句：

• They cost ten bucks. 这些值十元钱。
• They are hunting for bucks. 他们正在猎雄兔。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 glandular   

adj.腺体的

参考例句：

• Terry has been laid low with glandular fever for nearly a month now.特里由于功能性高烧已卧床近一个月了。
• A malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue.腺癌起源于腺性组织的恶性肿瘤。

6 secretions   

n.分泌（物）( secretion的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Lysozyme is an enzyme found in egg white, tears, and other secretions. 溶菌酶是存在于卵白、泪和其他分泌物中的一种酶。 来自辞典例句
• Chest percussion and vibration are used with postural drainage to help dislodge secretions. 在做体位引流时要敲击和振动胸部帮助分泌物松动排出。 来自辞典例句

7 olfactory   

adj.嗅觉的

参考例句：

• He is to develop a sensor to substitute for the olfactory abilities of dogs.克罗克将研制一种传感器用以代替狗的嗅觉功能。
• Based on these findings, Keller suspects that each person has an olfactory blind spot.根据这些发现，凯勒推断，每个人都有一个嗅觉盲区。

8 trumpeting   

大声说出或宣告（trumpet的现在分词形式）

参考例句：

• She is always trumpeting her son. 她总是吹嘘她儿子。
• The wind is trumpeting, a bugle calling to charge! 风在掌号。冲锋号！ 来自汉英文学 - 散文英译

9 elk   

n.麋鹿

参考例句：

• I was close enough to the elk to hear its labored breathing.我离那头麋鹿非常近，能听见它吃力的呼吸声。
• The refuge contains the largest wintering population of elk in the world.这座庇护所有着世界上数量最大的冬季麋鹿群。

10 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

11 extermination   

n.消灭，根绝

参考例句：

• All door and window is sealed for the extermination of mosquito. 为了消灭蚊子，所有的门窗都被封闭起来了。 来自辞典例句
• In doing so they were saved from extermination. 这样一来却使它们免于绝灭。 来自辞典例句

12 picturesquely   

参考例句：

• In the building trade such a trader is picturesquely described as a "brass plate" merchant. 在建筑行业里，这样一个生意人可以被生动地描述为著名商人。

13 colonization   

殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖

参考例句：

• Colonization took place during the Habsburg dynasty. 开拓殖民地在哈布斯堡王朝就进行过。
• These countries took part in the colonization of Africa. 这些国家参与非洲殖民地的开发。

14 domesticated   

adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He is thoroughly domesticated and cooks a delicious chicken casserole. 他精于家务，烹制的砂锅炖小鸡非常可口。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The donkey is a domesticated form of the African wild ass. 驴是非洲野驴的一种已驯化的品种。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 varied   

adj.多样的，多变化的

参考例句：

• The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
• The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。

16 inventory   

n.详细目录，存货清单

参考例句：

• Some stores inventory their stock once a week.有些商店每周清点存货一次。
• We will need to call on our supplier to get more inventory.我们必须请供应商送来更多存货。

17 implements   

n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• Primitive man hunted wild animals with crude stone implements. 原始社会的人用粗糙的石器猎取野兽。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• They ordered quantities of farm implements. 他们订购了大量农具。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

18 prerequisites   

先决条件，前提( prerequisite的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Good muscles are one of the prerequisites of physical fitness. 肌肉发达是身体健康的一个必备条件。
• One of the outstanding prerequisites of any city is a local transportation system. 本地运输系统是任何城市的突出前提条件之一。

19 archaeology   

n.考古学

参考例句：

• She teaches archaeology at the university.她在大学里教考古学。
• He displayed interest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。

20 linguistic   

adj.语言的，语言学的

参考例句：

• She is pursuing her linguistic researches.她在从事语言学的研究。
• The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.写作能力是对语言能力的最高形式的测试。

21 coconut   

n.椰子

参考例句：

• The husk of this coconut is particularly strong.椰子的外壳很明显非常坚固。
• The falling coconut gave him a terrific bang on the head.那只掉下的椰子砰地击中他的脑袋。

22 possessed   

adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的

参考例句：

• He flew out of the room like a man possessed.他像着了魔似地猛然冲出房门。
• He behaved like someone possessed.他行为举止像是魔怔了。

23 maritime   

adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的

参考例句：

• Many maritime people are fishermen.许多居于海滨的人是渔夫。
• The temperature change in winter is less in maritime areas.冬季沿海的温差较小。

24 cultivation   

n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成

参考例句：

• The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
• The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃，不值得耕种。

25 aggression   

n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害

参考例句：

• So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression.只要我们紧密地团结，就不必惧怕外来侵略。
• Her view is that aggression is part of human nature.她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。

26 predator   

n.捕食其它动物的动物；捕食者

参考例句：

• The final part of this chapter was devoted to a brief summary of predator species.本章最后部分简要总结了食肉动物。
• Komodo dragon is the largest living lizard and a fearsome predator.科摩多龙是目前存在的最大蜥蜴，它是一种令人恐惧的捕食性动物。

27 semiarid   

adj.雨量非常少的，半干旱的

参考例句：

• The region is semiarid to arid in overall climate.这个地区总体上是半干旱至干旱气候。
• In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.在很多半干旱地带也有下层的树带界限，在这种环境中，由于缺乏水分，森林下缘逐渐变成干草原或者是沙漠。

28 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

29 trampling   

踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯

参考例句：

• Diplomats denounced the leaders for trampling their citizens' civil rights. 外交官谴责这些领导人践踏其公民的公民权。
• They don't want people trampling the grass, pitching tents or building fires. 他们不希望人们踩踏草坪、支帐篷或生火。

30 pulverization   

n.弄成粉，粉碎；粉化

参考例句：

• Do photosensitive pulverization to beauty parlour, establish lever to see a movie. 到美容院做光敏雾化，立杆见影。 来自互联网
• Cryogenic pulverization system uses it to Seperate and collect powder. 低温粉碎系统应用它分离粉体并起集粉作用。 来自互联网