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托福语法讲解:分词

时间:2012-12-05 03:24来源:互联网 提供网友:laura6688   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式,主要分为现在分词(ing为词尾)和过去分词(主要以ed结尾),他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。

  由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法,其用法比较简单,这里只着重介绍前两种用法如:
  exciting news (激动人心的消息),          charming girl(迷人的女孩),
  promising1 work(有希望的作品),                  known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),
  broken bottle(破碎的瓶子)
  考点一 现在分词
  现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表主动意义;过去分词表被动意义。
  现在分词较过去分词形式灵活,除部分能接宾语之外,可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式
  1. 现在分词作定语
  现在分词常接在名词之后作定语,经常可与定语从句替换
  如:the man sitting behind me, 相当于:the man who is sitting behind me
  the kids running about in the garden, 相当于:
  the kids who are running about in the garden
  单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前,如:the sleeping baby, a running nose
  改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词,且之间是主谓关系,但不是句子主谓语,此处必定有错,可改为现在分词作定语
  例题:
  The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
  (A) representing
  (B) represented
  (C) are represented
  (D) they are representing
  答案:A
  解释:空格前是句子的主谓成分,空格处需要marks的定语,C, D可先排除;B是被动式,无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确,是现在分词作定语
  2. 现在分词作状语
  分词还可在句中作状语,可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。
  1.现在分词短语可以作时间状语,相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句
  如:Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying.
  = When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying.
  2.现在分词短语也可以表示原因,代替由since, as等所引导的从句
  如:Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
  =Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
  Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.
  =As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.
  3.如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前,那么此时分词就需要用完成形式
  如:Having finished the work, she went to the park.
  =After she had finished the work, she went to the park.
  特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致
  如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
  此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.
  例题:
  (1)
  Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby2 ---- from freezing.
  (A) to save the seeds
  (B) saving the seeds
  (C) which saves the seeds
  (D) the seeds saved
  答案:B
  解释:thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语,只有B符合要求
  考点二 过去分词
  1. 过去分词作定语
  与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义.
  如:a theory derived3 from rich experience
  = a theory that has been derived from rich experience
  a gas composed of four chemical elements
  = a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
  单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished4 guests, unexpected trouble
  改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。
  例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾);  boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开)
  2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
  有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?
  现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
  过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情)
  试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣)
  an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩
  同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如:
  The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望)
  We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望)
  例题:
  (1)
  The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
  (A) chartered
  (B) was chartered
  (C) it was chartered
  (D) to be chartered
  答案:A
  解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符
  (2)
  Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
  (A) called
  (B) to call
  (C) is called
  (D) call as
  答案:A
  解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
  3. 过去分词作状语
  过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因,
  如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
  De
  feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze5 its technical disadvantages.
  特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词.
  例题:
  (1)
  ---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
  (A) Founded
  (B) Founding
  (C) To found
  (D) Having founded
  答案:A
  解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词
  考点三 独立主格结构
  独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性
  1、主要特征
  (1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系,
  基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词
  如:his heart bleeding
  the baby crying
  the project completed
  The school being over, the street was full of the students.
  = When the school was over, the street was full of the students.
  (2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构,
  比较:my mind wandering (独立主格);
  My mind was wandering (主谓结构)
  (3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
  如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格)
  对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:
  Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.
  2. 在句子中的作用
  独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等
  如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间)
  Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件)
  Time pressing, they had to work overtime6. (原因)
  The leaves rustling7 in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)
  例题:
  (1)
  ----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
  (A) If
  (B) But
  (C) With
  (D)Once
  答案:C
  解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.
  注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 promising BkQzsk     
adj.有希望的,有前途的
参考例句:
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
2 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
3 derived 6cddb7353e699051a384686b6b3ff1e2     
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
参考例句:
  • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
4 distinguished wu9z3v     
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的
参考例句:
  • Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
  • A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。
5 analyze RwUzm     
vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
参考例句:
  • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
  • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
6 overtime aKqxn     
adj.超时的,加班的;adv.加班地
参考例句:
  • They are working overtime to finish the work.为了完成任务他们正在加班加点地工作。
  • He was paid for the overtime he worked.他领到了加班费。
7 rustling c6f5c8086fbaf68296f60e8adb292798     
n. 瑟瑟声,沙沙声 adj. 发沙沙声的
参考例句:
  • the sound of the trees rustling in the breeze 树木在微风中发出的沙沙声
  • the soft rustling of leaves 树叶柔和的沙沙声
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TAG标签:   托福语法
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