英语 英语 日语 日语 韩语 韩语 法语 法语 德语 德语 西班牙语 西班牙语 意大利语 意大利语 阿拉伯语 阿拉伯语 葡萄牙语 葡萄牙语 越南语 越南语 俄语 俄语 芬兰语 芬兰语 泰语 泰语 泰语 丹麦语 泰语 对外汉语

“泛指”与“特指”的转化与活用

时间:2017-02-15 23:58来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
特别声明:本栏目内容均从网络收集或者网友提供,供仅参考试用,我们无法保证内容完整和正确。如果资料损害了您的权益,请与站长联系,我们将及时删除并致以歉意。
    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   泛指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)是每年高考必考的一组概念,在英语中广泛使用。“泛指”是指普遍、不确定的人或事物,而“特指”则是指具体、特定的人或事物。在实践中,这两个概念是可以灵活运用且相互转换的。下面分几个方面谈谈:

  一、“泛指”与“特指”的多种表达
  说起“泛指”,我们马上想起不定冠词(a/an),其实不带冠词的不可数名词和复数名词都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定词(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充当这个作用。例如:
  I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.
  I will stay there for a few days/another few days.
  “特指”经常由定冠词(the)或表“特定”概念的限定词(物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等)来充当。假如将“中国的第二大河流”说成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥当的, 因为China’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重复的。“那个门破了的教室”既可以译成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以说成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因为 “door” 前应该有个表“特指”的限定词。同样,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一场合会变成“with the help of/ take the place of”。
  在表达“倍数”时,我们常常看到这样一个公式:“倍数 + the + 名词(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改为“倍数 + 表特指的名词/代词”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:
  ① The size of the newly1 broadened2 square is four times that of the previous one. (That=the size)
  ② I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定语从句)
  ③ You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)
  二、“泛指”与“特指”的转化
  “泛指”与“特指”在不同的语境中并非一成不变,它们是可以转换的。
  (一)“泛指”转化为“特指”
  1.① I spent many happy hours with them.
  ② This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them.
  2.① I bought a few books in the bookstore.
  ② The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English.
  3.① I don’t feel like drinking water.
  ② I don’t feel like drinking the water from this well.
  4.① Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution3.
  ② The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
  5.① I have done a little to help you.
  ② I hope the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use to you.
  以上的②句中的划线部分都是由于有一个定语限定而转化为“特指”。
  另外,在一些限定词的后面只能接泛指的名词,如:a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而,有些却可以增加一个 “of”,便只能后接特指的成分:
  后接表“泛指”的名词 后接表“特指”的名词/代词
  some (students) some of (the students)
  a good many (people) a good many of (the people)
  most of (us)
  a dozen a dozen of (these apples)
  five hundred five hundred of (them)
  (二)“特指”转化为“泛指”
  1.When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 当宇宙飞船在上空运行时,一个全新的地球出现在我们面前,以往我们都不曾看过。
  2.It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.(2004福建卷)
  3.It’s really fun to walk alone with a full moon hanging in the sky.
  4.Having been overseas4 for half a century, he returned and found himself in a brand-new China.
  本来“the earth/ the world/ the moon/ China”都是特指的,但是,如果增加一些修饰成分之后,指不同时期、不同角度看到的或不同形状的“地球、世界、月亮、中国”的话,它们就转化为泛指了。
  5.I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one. (2005高考山东卷)
  John Lennon是一个著名歌手,当然是特指。句中的a John Lennon= another person whose name happened to be John Lennon, 是泛指。
  6.① He, who led the USA through these years, was shot5 on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington6, D.C.
  ② He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
  第一个He=Abraham Lincoln,是特指,要用非限制性定语从句;第二个He= anyone,是泛指。
  7.①—What new subjects are you going to have in the second grade?(特指)
  —I’m going to learn a second foreign language.(表“又一”,泛指。)
  ② No one can have a higher IQ (=an IQ which is even higher) than the taller of the twin brothers.
  ③ The most diligent7 student in our class have a most(=very)interesting book.
  一般情况下,在比较级、最高级、序数词中用 “a/an”表“泛指”,用 “the”表“特指”。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 newly cG7xE     
adv.新近,最近;重新,再度;以新的方式
参考例句:
  • Have you reviewed for this newly published novel?你给这本新出版的小说写书评了吗?
  • It is a newly planted tree and it has not established yet.这是一颗新栽的树,还没有扎下根来。
2 broadened 395f37085eaf487830bcd507370e3d00     
使…变宽,扩展( broaden的过去式和过去分词 ); 增长(经验、知识等)
参考例句:
  • The advertisements of costume in Paris broadened his outlook. 巴黎的服装广告使他大开眼界。
  • This broadened my vision and knowledge. 这件事使我打开了眼界,增长了知识。
3 revolution kBLzX     
n.革命,大变革;旋转;周期,循环
参考例句:
  • The earth makes a yearly revolution around the sun.地球每年绕太阳一周。
  • This volume records the history of the country's revolution.这卷书记载了这个国家的革命历史。
4 overseas cKTxs     
adj.海外的;adv.在海外
参考例句:
  • Her man has been sent overseas by his employers.她的丈夫已被雇主派往海外。
  • Many firms are focusing on increasing their markets overseas.许多商行都专注于扩大国外市场。
5 shot xyiwb     
n.炮弹,射击,射手;v.射击,发出,发芽;vbl.射击,发出,发芽
参考例句:
  • He shot a wild duck.他射中一只野鸭。
  • All the children shot out their hands for the money.所有的孩子突然伸出手来要钱。
6 Washington OeAzjC     
n.华盛顿特区(是美国首都)
参考例句:
  • His birthplace is Washington,but he lives in San Francisco.他出生于华盛顿,但住在旧金山。
  • They, together with my father,have gone to Washington.他们和我父亲一起去华盛顿了。
7 diligent al6ze     
adj.勤勉的,勤奋的
参考例句:
  • He is the more diligent of the two boys.他是这两个男孩中较用功的一个。
  • She is diligent and keeps herself busy all the time.她真勤快,一会儿也不闲着。
本文本内容来源于互联网抓取和网友提交,仅供参考,部分栏目没有内容,如果您有更合适的内容,欢迎点击提交分享给大家。
------分隔线----------------------------
TAG标签:   泛指
顶一下
(0)
0%
踩一下
(0)
0%
最新评论 查看所有评论
发表评论 查看所有评论
请自觉遵守互联网相关的政策法规,严禁发布色情、暴力、反动的言论。
评价:
表情:
验证码:
听力搜索
推荐频道
相关文章
论坛新贴