专业术语—口腔生理学术语E2(英文详解)

    Enamel¹ prisms - rod-like bundles of hydroxyapatie crystals which are orientated² at right angles to the tooth surface. Each prism can be traced from the outside of the enamel all the way to the dentine junction³.

    Enamel - the outer layer hard layer which covers the dentine around the crown of a tooth. Enamel consists of closely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite with very little organic material. A recognisable unit of structure in enamel is the enamel prism.

    Enameloid - a type of enamel found in fish and reptiles⁴ in which the enamel prisms are haphazardly⁵ arranged; in contrast enamel prism are parallel to each other and orientated at right angle to the tooth surface.

    Endocrine glands⁶ - the secretion⁷ passes into the blood stream, like insulin, epinephrine.

    Endoderm - the inner of the three cell layers which form, as the clump⁸ of early embryonic⁹ cells begins to differentiate¹⁰. The endoderm will form the gut¹¹ system and its associated organs. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the ectoderm.

    Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of inner cell membranes¹³ which is continuous with the nuclear membrane¹². It transports products of cell synthesis to the golgi apparatus¹⁴. Described as rough endoplasmic reticulum when there are many ribosomes attached.

    Endorphins - a neuropeptide which has specific binding¹⁵ sites on nerve cells called opiate receptors. When the receptor is activated¹⁶ by endorphins or morphine it reduces the excitability of the post synaptic cell. Peptide receptors are also found on lymphocytes which suggest an association between neuropeptides and the regulation of the immune response.

    Endosteum - a layer of bone forming cells, osteoblasts which covers the entire surface of the internal aspect of cortical and spongy bone, separating it from the surrounding connective tissue. see also bone membrane.

    Endothelial cells - the epithelial cells of the endothelium which lines blood vessels¹⁷. The cells are flattened¹⁸ into a pavement stone shape and are usually two or three layers thick.

    Endotoxins - the contents and cell wallsof dead bacteria which may be toxic¹⁹ to the host.

    Enkephalins - similar in structure and action to endorphins.

    Environment - describes the surroundings in which organisms live. Some physical features of an environment are fairly stable, like trees, rivers, mountains, houses, soil, teeth. Some physical features are changeable, like wind, water, light, pH, food supply. Others features are less predictable, such as the balance in the community of collaborators, competitors and parasites²⁰. All forms of life including bacteria in the mouth, have an environment, which has an important influence on their survival. Successful organisms manage to exploit their environment to the best advantage or to adapt to it, perhaps only after several generations, if it becomes a serious challenge to the species.

    Enzyme²¹ - a protein that controls and helps a chemical reaction to take place, but is not used up in the process. Usually each enzyme is specific for a particular step in a reaction. Enzymes²² are sensitive to their environment, especially to excessive temperature or pH.

1 enamel   

n.珐琅，搪瓷，瓷釉；(牙齿的)珐琅质

参考例句：

• I chipped the enamel on my front tooth when I fell over.我跌倒时门牙的珐琅质碰碎了。
• He collected coloured enamel bowls from Yugoslavia.他藏有来自南斯拉夫的彩色搪瓷碗。

2 orientated   

v.朝向( orientate的过去式和过去分词 )；面向；确定方向；使适应

参考例句：

• He orientated himself by finding a familiar landscape. 他寻见一处熟悉的景色，从而确定自己所处的方位。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They orientated the tennis court north and south. 他们把网球场定为南北向。 来自辞典例句

3 junction   

n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站

参考例句：

• There's a bridge at the junction of the two rivers.两河的汇合处有座桥。
• You must give way when you come to this junction.你到了这个路口必须让路。

4 reptiles   

n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

5 haphazardly   

adv.偶然地，随意地，杂乱地

参考例句：

• The books were placed haphazardly on the shelf. 书籍乱七八糟地堆放在书架上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• It is foolish to haphazardly adventure. 随便冒险是愚蠢的。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

6 glands   

n.腺( gland的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a snake's poison glands 蛇的毒腺
• the sebaceous glands in the skin 皮脂腺

7 secretion   

n.分泌

参考例句：

• Is there much secretion from your eyes?你眼里的分泌物多吗？
• In addition,excessive secretion of oil,water scarcity are also major factors.除此之外，油脂分泌过盛、缺水也都是主要因素。

8 clump   

n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走

参考例句：

• A stream meandered gently through a clump of trees.一条小溪从树丛中蜿蜒穿过。
• It was as if he had hacked with his thick boots at a clump of bluebells.仿佛他用自己的厚靴子无情地践踏了一丛野风信子。

9 embryonic   

adj.胚胎的

参考例句：

• It is still in an embryonic stage.它还处于萌芽阶段。
• The plan,as yet,only exists in embryonic form.这个计划迄今为止还只是在酝酿之中。

10 differentiate   

vi.(between)区分；vt.区别；使不同

参考例句：

• You can differentiate between the houses by the shape of their chimneys.你可以凭借烟囱形状的不同来区分这两幢房子。
• He never learned to differentiate between good and evil.他从未学会分辨善恶。

11 gut   

n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏

参考例句：

• It is not always necessary to gut the fish prior to freezing.冷冻鱼之前并不总是需要先把内脏掏空。
• My immediate gut feeling was to refuse.我本能的直接反应是拒绝。

12 membrane   

n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸

参考例句：

• A vibrating membrane in the ear helps to convey sounds to the brain.耳膜的振动帮助声音传送到大脑。
• A plastic membrane serves as selective diffusion barrier.一层塑料薄膜起着选择性渗透屏障的作用。

13 membranes   

n.（动物或植物体内的）薄膜( membrane的名词复数 )；隔膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物

参考例句：

• The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 来自辞典例句
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 来自辞典例句

14 apparatus   

n.装置，器械；器具，设备

参考例句：

• The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
• They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。

15 binding   

有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的

参考例句：

• The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
• Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。

16 activated   

adj. 激活的 动词activate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。

17 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

18 flattened   

[医]（水）平扁的，弄平的

参考例句：

• She flattened her nose and lips against the window. 她把鼻子和嘴唇紧贴着窗户。
• I flattened myself against the wall to let them pass. 我身体紧靠着墙让他们通过。

19 toxic   

adj.有毒的，因中毒引起的

参考例句：

• The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
• There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。

20 parasites   

寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫

参考例句：

• These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的，而与寄生虫无关。
• Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。

21 enzyme   

n.酵素，酶

参考例句：

• Above a certain temperature,the enzyme molecule will become unfolded.超过一定温度，酶分子将会展开。
• An enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots.能溶解血凝块中的纤维的酶。

22 enzymes   

n. 酶，酵素

参考例句：

• It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
• Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。