2013年1月5日雅思阅读机经[A类]

 

考试日期：	2013年1月5日
Reading Passage 1
Title:	The impact of advertisement on children (MS)
Question types:	List of headings (7)  Yes/No/Not Given(6)
文章内容回顾	讲广告和小孩饮食的。电视广告对儿童饮食习惯以及营养概念的影响；一些小孩子吃垃圾食品并没有增加其对营养的知识；食品广告与儿童肥胖症之间的关系；进一步的研究；倡议我们应该有所行动。2010年3月27日旧题。
英文原文阅读	托福TPO中正好有一篇也是讲广告和孩子的，背景有点相似，各位考生和老师可以参考一下。  Children and Advertising1  Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for ‘misleadingness'—creating a wrong impression either intentionally2 or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.  General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best' or “better than" can be subjective4 and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset5 or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.' However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase 'when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats7. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format3 only.  Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept8 enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty9 as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.  The use of celebrities10 such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively11 perceived attributes of the celebrity12 to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the celebrities are often animated13 figures from popular cartoons In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.  Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable14 about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible15 sources of nutritional6 information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated16 in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses17 that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.
题型难度分析	文章难度适中，背景也不新颖，关键是题型搭配非常直白，具体分析请看下面。
题型技巧分析	此文具体的题型编排非常简单，考生能在朗阁“精六六五阅写补充练习”上找到多篇类似的文章，比如P264、P214。这些文章都是headings + 判断的搭配。此种搭配非常适合“平行阅读”。全文以判断题为解题重点，每读一段就解决里面的细节题，然后解决段落相应的headings。这样可以尽量读一遍文章解决大部分题目。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑8 Test 1 Passage 2  剑7 Test 1 Passage 2

Reading Passage 2
Title:	Coastal18 Sculpture
Question types:	段落细节配对(5)  分类配对(5)  完成句子(3)
文章内容回顾	首段：大致介绍海岸雕像的存在；Section B: 关于第一个雕像的竖立过程、问题、现状；Section C: 关于第二个雕像的竖立经历、细节、及其受欢迎的现状；Section D: 关于第三个教堂雕像，因为海水侵蚀消失了，而今重新雕刻，受到阻碍，有个人的劝解，改变了公众的看法，之后接受了雕像，如今雕像可以使得该地区重回当年的繁荣时代。
题型难度分析	此文的文章叙述难度一般，就是题型中有“段落细节配对”这个人见人烦的题型，对考生的心理是个挑战。
题型技巧分析	此篇文章的重点和难点在于“段落细节配对”。做这个题型的题目绝对不能操之过急，甚至可以不把这个题型作为重点题型去处理。有些学生带着洒脱的心态来做这个题型，做对几个算几个。个人认为这种策略总比方寸大乱来得好。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（题型编排比较相似）

Reading Passage 3
Title:	Talc
Question types:	Matching  Summary  简答题
文章内容回顾	首部分讲滑石粉概述，后面是口香糖制作，橄榄油和农产品保护中橄榄油的用法；最后是讲滑石粉对农作物的意义，并在最后一段说，会在葡萄种植农身上首先试用。2010年3月6日旧题。
题型难度分析	此文难度适中，不偏。
题型技巧分析	这篇文章的题型编排又非常适合使用“平行阅读”。我们可以把后面两个题型作为解题重点，而把matching作为附带的题型。在做题过程中以后两个题型的关键词为主进行阅读，哪里出现matching的关键词再进行比较详细的阅读。类似matching这样的不按顺序出题的题型我们千万不能把它作为主攻对象，而应把注意力放在那些按顺序出的题目上，比如这篇文章中的Summary和简答题。

1 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

2 intentionally   

ad.故意地，有意地

参考例句：

• I didn't say it intentionally. 我是无心说的。
• The local authority ruled that he had made himself intentionally homeless and was therefore not entitled to be rehoused. 当地政府裁定他是有意居无定所，因此没有资格再获得提供住房。

3 format   

n.设计，版式；[计算机]格式，DOS命令:格式化(磁盘)，用于空盘或使用过的磁盘建立新空盘来存储数据；v.使格式化，设计，安排

参考例句：

• Please format this floppy disc.请将这张软盘格式化。
• The format of the figure is very tasteful.该图表的格式很雅致。

4 subjective   

a.主观(上)的，个人的

参考例句：

• The way they interpreted their past was highly subjective. 他们解释其过去的方式太主观。
• A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach. 文学评论家的看法不应太主观。

5 offset   

n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿

参考例句：

• Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices.他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。
• He put up his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。

6 nutritional   

adj.营养的，滋养的

参考例句：

• A diet lacking in nutritional value will not keep a person healthy.缺乏营养价值的饮食不能维持人的健康。
• The labels on food products give a lot of information about their nutritional content.食品上的标签提供很多关于营养成分的信息。

7 formats   

n.（出版物的）版式( format的名词复数 )；[电视]电视节目的总安排（或计划）

参考例句：

• They are producing books in all kinds of different formats. 他们出版各种不同开本的书籍。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A true GUI includes standard formats for representing text and graphics. 真正的图形用户界面包括表示文字和图形的标准格式。 来自互联网

8 adept   

adj.老练的，精通的

参考例句：

• When it comes to photography,I'm not an adept.要说照相，我不是内行。
• He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.他十分善于避开麻烦。

9 uncertainty   

n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物

参考例句：

• Her comments will add to the uncertainty of the situation.她的批评将会使局势更加不稳定。
• After six weeks of uncertainty,the strain was beginning to take its toll.6个星期的忐忑不安后，压力开始产生影响了。

10 celebrities   

n.（尤指娱乐界的）名人( celebrity的名词复数 )；名流；名声；名誉

参考例句：

• He only invited A-list celebrities to his parties. 他只邀请头等名流参加他的聚会。
• a TV chat show full of B-list celebrities 由众多二流人物参加的电视访谈节目

11 positively   

adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实

参考例句：

• She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
• The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。

12 celebrity   

n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望

参考例句：

• Tom found himself something of a celebrity. 汤姆意识到自己已小有名气了。
• He haunted famous men, hoping to get celebrity for himself. 他常和名人在一起, 希望借此使自己获得名气。

13 animated   

adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的

参考例句：

• His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion.他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
• We had an animated discussion over current events last evening.昨天晚上我们热烈地讨论时事。

14 knowledgeable   

adj.知识渊博的；有见识的

参考例句：

• He's quite knowledgeable about the theatre.他对戏剧很有心得。
• He made some knowledgeable remarks at the meeting.他在会上的发言颇有见地。

15 credible   

adj.可信任的，可靠的

参考例句：

• The news report is hardly credible.这则新闻报道令人难以置信。
• Is there a credible alternative to the nuclear deterrent?是否有可以取代核威慑力量的可靠办法？

16 validated   

v.证实( validate的过去式和过去分词 )；确证；使生效；使有法律效力

参考例句：

• Time validated our suspicion. 时间证实了我们的怀疑。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The decade of history since 1927 had richly validated their thesis. 1927年以来的十年的历史，充分证明了他们的论点。 来自辞典例句

17 endorses   

v.赞同( endorse的第三人称单数 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品

参考例句：

• There isn't one country in the Middle East that now endorses the Eisenhower Doctrine. 但至今没有一个中东国家认可它。 来自辞典例句
• Whether any of this truly endorses Dr Patel's hypothesis is moot. 这些视频能否真正证明帕特的假设成立还是个未知数。 来自互联网

18 coastal   

adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的

参考例句：

• The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
• This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。