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科技英语的特点与翻译

时间:2017-01-16 04:25来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   任何作品均有特定的文体,原文的文体不同,翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文

  "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job."
  "A wonderful job."
  "Are you going to take it?"
  "I don't think so."
  "Why not?'
  "I don't want to."
  "听说有个很好的工作要你去干。"
  "挺好的工作"。
  "打算干吗?"
  "不。"
  "为什么不干?"
  "不想干"。
  摘自《刀锋》(The Razor's Edge )
  这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点,省去主语"你"、"我";将英语的一个句子I don't think so.干脆译成一个字"不",显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance1 and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress2 as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances3 of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.
  那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格,一张坦率开诚的面容,一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛,里边隐藏着无穷的心事,只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。
  摘自(珍妮姑娘)(Jennie Gerhardt),傅东华译.上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。"and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress"是非常优美生动的文学语言,译文保持了一风格。
  MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished4 a spectacular debut5 for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive6 game without a loss.
  [蒙特利尔电]在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒,引起轰动。上半场领先四分,首开记录。克拉克发挥中坚作用,约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队,创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
  这是属于应用文的新闻文体,其特点是简明扼要,短小精悍,结构紧凑,笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子,却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致,富于吸引力。
  The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig7.2.The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts8 across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.
  从上述的一段科技文章,不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说,新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末,科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下:
  一、大量使用名词化结构
  《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
  Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement9 of water by solid bodies.
  阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
  句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
  The rotation10 of the earth on its own axis11 causes the change from day to night.
  地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。
  名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
  If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler12, the heat loss, can be considerably13 reduced.
  炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
  科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。
  Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
  电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
  名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
  二、广泛使用被动语句
  根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
  We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser14, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.
  电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
  这一段短文中各句的主语分别为:
  Electrical energy
  Such a device
  Its ability to store electrical energy
  It (Capacitance )
  它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。四个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
  三、非限定动词。
  如前所述,科技文章要求行文简练,结构紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句;使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语代替各种从句;介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
  A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
  直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
  Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
  热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升。
  A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.
  如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
  Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration15 producing one sound wave.
  振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声波。
  In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
  在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
  Materials to be used for structural16 purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically18 in the environmental conditions.
  结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
  There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
  将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
  In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
  使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时,信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
  四、后置定语
  大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种:
  1、介词短语
  The forces due to friction19 are called frictional forces.
  由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
  A call for paper is now being issued .
  征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
  2、形容词及形容词短语。
  In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
  该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
  In radiation, thermal20 energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.
  热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
  3、副词
  The air outside pressed the side in .
  外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
  The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.
  向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。
  4、单个分词,但仍保持校强的动词意义。
  The results obtained must be cheeked .
  获得的结果必须加以校核
  The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
  产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
  5、定语从句
  During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
  在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
  The molecules21 exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
  分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
  Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.
  (定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)
  我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
  To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission22.
  制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
  五、常用句型
  科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型;被动态结构句型;结构句型,分词短语结构句型,省略句结构句型等。举例如下:
  It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
  显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
  It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
  看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。
  It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition23 to the force producing it.
  已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
  It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.
  直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
  Computers may be classified as analog24 and digital.
  计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
  The switching time of the new-type transistor25 is shortened three times.
  新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。(或---缩短为三分之一。)
  This steel alloy26 is believed to be the best available here .
  人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
  Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.
  电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
  Microcomputers27 are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.
  如图5所示,微型计算机体积很小。
  In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.
  声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
  Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.
  氧与氢比较,重量大约是它的十六倍。
  The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low.
  由于电阻很大,电路中通过的电流就小。
  Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.
  冰在溶化时,其温度保持不变。
  An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia28.
  物体一旦运动,就会因惯性而持续运动。
  All substances, whether gaseous29, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .
  一切物质,不论是气态、液态,还是固态,都由原子组成。
  六、长句
  为了表述一个复杂概念,使之逻辑严密,结构紧凑,科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词,以下即是一例。
  The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena30 by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic17 solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations31, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
  为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
  七、复合词与缩略词
  大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如:
  full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)
  feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)
  work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)
  criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词)
  on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)
  anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)
  radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)
  colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)
  maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)
  lab (laboratory)实验室
  ft (foot/feet)英尺
  cpd (compound)化合物
  FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)
  P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
  SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器
  TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词)
  根据上述的科技文章的物占,在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。

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1 countenance iztxc     
n.脸色,面容;面部表情;vt.支持,赞同
参考例句:
  • At the sight of this photograph he changed his countenance.他一看见这张照片脸色就变了。
  • I made a fierce countenance as if I would eat him alive.我脸色恶狠狠地,仿佛要把他活生生地吞下去。
2 distress 3llzX     
n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛
参考例句:
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
  • Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。
3 countenances 4ec84f1d7c5a735fec7fdd356379db0d     
n.面容( countenance的名词复数 );表情;镇静;道义支持
参考例句:
  • 'stood apart, with countenances of inflexible gravity, beyond what even the Puritan aspect could attain." 站在一旁,他们脸上那种严肃刚毅的神情,比清教徒们还有过之而无不及。 来自英汉 - 翻译样例 - 文学
  • The light of a laugh never came to brighten their sombre and wicked countenances. 欢乐的光芒从来未照亮过他们那阴郁邪恶的面孔。 来自辞典例句
4 accomplished UzwztZ     
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的
参考例句:
  • Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
  • Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。
5 debut IxGxy     
n.首次演出,初次露面
参考例句:
  • That same year he made his Broadway debut, playing a suave radio journalist.在那同一年里,他初次在百老汇登台,扮演一个温文而雅的电台记者。
  • The actress made her debut in the new comedy.这位演员在那出新喜剧中首次登台演出。
6 consecutive DpPz0     
adj.连续的,联贯的,始终一贯的
参考例句:
  • It has rained for four consecutive days.已连续下了四天雨。
  • The policy of our Party is consecutive.我党的政策始终如一。
7 fig L74yI     
n.无花果(树)
参考例句:
  • The doctor finished the fig he had been eating and selected another.这位医生吃完了嘴里的无花果,又挑了一个。
  • You can't find a person who doesn't know fig in the United States.你找不到任何一个在美国的人不知道无花果的。
8 volts 98e8d837b26722c4cf6887fd4ebf60e8     
n.(电压单位)伏特( volt的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The floating potential, Vf is usually only a few volts below ground. 浮置电势Vf通常只低于接地电位几伏。 来自辞典例句
  • If gamma particles are present, potential differences of several thousand volts can be generated. 如果存在γ粒子,可能产生几千伏的电位差。 来自辞典例句
9 displacement T98yU     
n.移置,取代,位移,排水量
参考例句:
  • They said that time is the feeling of spatial displacement.他们说时间是空间位移的感觉。
  • The displacement of all my energy into caring for the baby.我所有精力都放在了照顾宝宝上。
10 rotation LXmxE     
n.旋转;循环,轮流
参考例句:
  • Crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
  • The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。
11 axis sdXyz     
n.轴,轴线,中心线;坐标轴,基准线
参考例句:
  • The earth's axis is the line between the North and South Poles.地轴是南北极之间的线。
  • The axis of a circle is its diameter.圆的轴线是其直径。
12 boiler OtNzI     
n.锅炉;煮器(壶,锅等)
参考例句:
  • That boiler will not hold up under pressure.那种锅炉受不住压力。
  • This new boiler generates more heat than the old one.这个新锅炉产生的热量比旧锅炉多。
13 considerably 0YWyQ     
adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上
参考例句:
  • The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
  • The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。
14 condenser JYXyp     
n.冷凝器;电容器
参考例句:
  • Their common principle is to use the variable capacity in a condenser.它们的普遍原理是利用电容器的可变电容。
  • Steam is condensed in the condenser.蒸汽在冷凝器中凝结。
15 vibration nLDza     
n.颤动,振动;摆动
参考例句:
  • There is so much vibration on a ship that one cannot write.船上的震动大得使人无法书写。
  • The vibration of the window woke me up.窗子的震动把我惊醒了。
16 structural itXw5     
adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
参考例句:
  • The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
17 elastic Tjbzq     
n.橡皮圈,松紧带;adj.有弹性的;灵活的
参考例句:
  • Rubber is an elastic material.橡胶是一种弹性材料。
  • These regulations are elastic.这些规定是有弹性的。
18 elastically 9fa8d151a3686fe83c660c4814bb483c     
adv.有弹性地,伸缩自如地
参考例句:
  • The ring of onlookers distended and closed again elastically. 围观的一圈人散开了,接着又弹簧一般聚拢来。 来自辞典例句
  • Science teacher's role should change elastically and multiply depending on the instruction context. 教师的角色宜视教学情境脉络做弹性及多元的转换。 来自互联网
19 friction JQMzr     
n.摩擦,摩擦力
参考例句:
  • When Joan returned to work,the friction between them increased.琼回来工作后,他们之间的摩擦加剧了。
  • Friction acts on moving bodies and brings them to a stop.摩擦力作用于运动着的物体,并使其停止。
20 thermal 8Guyc     
adj.热的,由热造成的;保暖的
参考例句:
  • They will build another thermal power station.他们要另外建一座热能发电站。
  • Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。
21 molecules 187c25e49d45ad10b2f266c1fa7a8d49     
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
  • Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
22 fission WjTxu     
n.裂开;分裂生殖
参考例句:
  • The fission of the cell could be inhibited with certain chemicals.细胞的裂变可以通过某些化学药品加以抑制。
  • Nuclear fission releases tremendous amounts of energy.核裂变释放出巨大的能量。
23 opposition eIUxU     
n.反对,敌对
参考例句:
  • The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
  • The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。
24 analog yLDyQ     
n.类似物,模拟
参考例句:
  • The analog signal contains high-frequency video information,which helps make up the picture.模拟信号包括有助于构成图像的高频视频信息。
  • The analog computer measures continuously,without proceeding step by step.模拟计算机不是一步一步地进行,而是连续地进行量度。
25 transistor WnFwS     
n.晶体管,晶体管收音机
参考例句:
  • This make of transistor radio is small and beautifully designed.这半导体收音机小巧玲珑。
  • Every transistor has at least three electrodes.每个晶体管至少有三个电极。
26 alloy fLryq     
n.合金,(金属的)成色
参考例句:
  • The company produces titanium alloy.该公司生产钛合金。
  • Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.青铜是铜和锡的合金。
27 microcomputers 9d586e7e93514db2c23c6973518deef0     
微型计算机( microcomputer的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Microcomputers are playing an important role in our lives. 微型计算机在我们生活中扮演着重要的角色。
  • Many microcomputers do allow you to directly address a memory address. 目前有许多微计算机允许你直接访问某个存储单元。
28 inertia sbGzg     
adj.惰性,惯性,懒惰,迟钝
参考例句:
  • We had a feeling of inertia in the afternoon.下午我们感觉很懒。
  • Inertia carried the plane onto the ground.飞机靠惯性着陆。
29 gaseous Hlvy2     
adj.气体的,气态的
参考例句:
  • Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气,无论是气态的或是液态的,都是一种流体。
  • Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。
30 phenomena 8N9xp     
n.现象
参考例句:
  • Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
  • The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。
31 vibrations d94a4ca3e6fa6302ae79121ffdf03b40     
n.摆动( vibration的名词复数 );震动;感受;(偏离平衡位置的)一次性往复振动
参考例句:
  • We could feel the vibrations from the trucks passing outside. 我们可以感到外面卡车经过时的颤动。
  • I am drawn to that girl; I get good vibrations from her. 我被那女孩吸引住了,她使我产生良好的感觉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
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