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英语作文基本技巧

时间:2017-02-15 04:09来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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   ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE

  1.Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's.
  Follow this rule whatever the final consonant1. Thus write,
  Charles's friend
  Burns's poems
  the witch's malice2
  This is the usage of the United States Government Printing Office and of the Oxford3 University Press.
  Exceptions are the possessives of ancient proper names in -es and -is, the possessive Jesus', and such forms as for conscience' sake, for righteousness' sake. But such forms as Achilles' heel, Moses' laws, Isis' temple are commonly replaced by
  the heel of Achilles
  the laws of Moses
  the temple of Isis
  The pronominal possessives hers, its, theirs, yours, and oneself have no apostrophe.
  2.In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.
  Thus write,
  red, white, and blue
  honest, energetic, but headstrong
  He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
  This is also the usage of the Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press.
  In the names of business firms the last comma is omitted, as
  Brown, Shipley and Company
  The abbreviation etc., even if only a single term comes before it, is always preceded by a comma.
  3.Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas.
  The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
  This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however, or a brief phrase, is or is not parenthetic. If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may safely omit the commas. But whether the interruption be slight or considerable, he must never omit one comma and leave the other. Such punctuation5 as
  Marjorie's husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday,
  or
  My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health,
  is indefensible.
  Non-restrictive relative clauses are, in accordance with this rule, set off by commas.
  The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.
  Similar clauses introduced by where and when are similarly punctuated7.
  In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.
  Nether8 Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime9 of the Ancient Mariner10, is a few miles from Bridgewater.
  In these sentences the clauses introduced by which, when, and where are non-restrictive; they do not limit the application of the words on which they depend, but add, parenthetically, statements supplementing those in the principal clauses. Each sentence is a combination of two statments which might have been made independently.
  The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested.
  Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.
  Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater.
  Restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas.
  The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.
  In this sentence the relative clause restricts the application of the word candidate to a single person. Unlike those above, the sentence cannot be split into two independent statements.
  The abbreviations etc. and jr. are always preceded by a comma, and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one.
  Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence. The sentences quoted in this section and under Rules 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, and 18 should afford sufficient guidance.
  If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction, place the first comma before the conjunction, not after it.
  He saw us coming, and unaware11 that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile.
  4.Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause.
  The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
  The situation is perilous12, but there is still one chance of escape.
  Sentences of this type, isolated13 from their context, may seem to be in need of rewriting. As they make complete sense when the comma is reached, the second clause has the appearance of an after-thought. Further, and, is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses, it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation. In the example above, the relation is that of cause and result. The two sentences might be rewritten:
  As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
  Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape.
  Or the subordinate clauses might be replaced by phrases:
  Owing to the disappearance14 of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
  In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape.
  But a writer may err4 by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic, and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief. Consequently, loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy, unstudied writing. But a writer should be careful not to construct too many of his sentences after this pattern (see Rule 14).
  Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as (in the sense of because), for, or, nor, and while (in the sense of and at the same time) likewise require a comma before the conjunction.
  If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction.
  The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly15, there is still one chance of escape.
  For two-part sentences connected by an adverb, see the next section.
  5.Do not join independent clauses by a comma.
  If two or more clauses, grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction, are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon.
  Stevenson's romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures.
  It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
  It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each, replacing the semicolons by periods.
  Stevenson's romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures.
  It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
  If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma (Rule 4).
  Stevenson's romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures.
  It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.
  Note that if the second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore, or thus, and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required.
  I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.
  In general, however, it is best, in writing, to avoid using so in this manner; there is danger that the writer who uses it at all may use it too often. A simple correction, usually serviceable, is to omit the word so, and begin the first clause with as:
  As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.
  If the clauses are very short, and are alike in form, a comma is usually permissible16:
  Man proposes, God disposes.
  The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn17 up.
  6.Do not break sentences in two.
  In other words, do not use periods for commas.
  I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.
  He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world, and lived in half a dozen countries.
  In both these examples, the first period should be replaced by a comma, and the following word begun with a small letter.
  It is permissible to make an emphatic18 word or expression serve the purpose of a sentence and to punctuate6 it accordingly:
  Again and again he called out. No reply.
  The writer must, however, be certain that the emphasis is warranted, and that he will not be suspected of a mere19 blunder in punctuation.
  Rules 3, 4, 5, and 6 cover the most important principles in the punctuation of ordinary sentences; they should be so thoroughly20 mastered that their application becomes second nature.
  7.A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject.
  Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.
  The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman. If the writer wishes to make it refer to the woman, he must recast the sentence:
  He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.
  Participial phrases preceded by a conjunction or by a preposition, nouns in apposition, adjectives, and adjective phrases come under the same rule if they begin the sentence.
  On arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station. When he arrived (or, On his arrival) in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.
  A soldier of proved valor21, they entrusted22 him with the defence of the city. A soldier of proved valor, he was entrusted with the defence of the city.
  Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me. Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.
  Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation proved irresistible23. Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible.
  Sentences violating this rule are often ludicrous.
  Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.
  8.Divide words at line-ends, in accordance with their formation and pronunciation.
  If there is room at the end of a line for one or more syllables24 of a word, but not for the whole word, divide the word, unless this involves cutting off only a single letter, or cutting off only two letters of a long word. No hard and fast rule for all words can be laid down. The principles most frequently applicable are:
  Divide the word according to its formation:
  know-ledge (not knowl-edge); Shake-speare (not Shakes-peare); de-scribe (not des-cribe); atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere);
  Divide "on the vowel25:"
  edi-ble (not ed-ible); propo-sition; ordi-nary; espe-cial; reli-gious; oppo-nents; regu-lar; classi-fi-ca-tion (three divisions possible); deco-rative; presi-dent;
  Divide between double letters, unless they come at the end of the simple form of the word:
  Apen-nines; Cincin-nati; refer-ring; but tell-ing.
  The treatment of consonants26 in combination is best shown from examples:
  for-tune; pic-ture; presump-tuous; illus-tration; sub-stan-tial (either division); indus-try; instruc-tion; sug-ges-tion; incen-diary.
  The student will do well to examine the syllable-division in a number of pages of any carefully printed book.

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 consonant mYEyY     
n.辅音;adj.[音]符合的
参考例句:
  • The quality of this suit isn't quite consonant with its price.这套衣服的质量和价钱不相称。
  • These are common consonant clusters at the beginning of words.这些单词的开头有相同辅音组合。
2 malice P8LzW     
n.恶意,怨恨,蓄意;[律]预谋
参考例句:
  • I detected a suggestion of malice in his remarks.我觉察出他说的话略带恶意。
  • There was a strong current of malice in many of his portraits.他的许多肖像画中都透着一股强烈的怨恨。
3 Oxford Wmmz0a     
n.牛津(英国城市)
参考例句:
  • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
  • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
4 err 2izzk     
vi.犯错误,出差错
参考例句:
  • He did not err by a hair's breadth in his calculation.他的计算结果一丝不差。
  • The arrows err not from their aim.箭无虚发。
5 punctuation 3Sbxk     
n.标点符号,标点法
参考例句:
  • My son's punctuation is terrible.我儿子的标点符号很糟糕。
  • A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.一篇没有任何标点符号的文章是很难懂的。
6 punctuate 1iPyL     
vt.加标点于;不时打断
参考例句:
  • The pupils have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.小学生尚未学会正确使用标点符号。
  • Be sure to punctuate your sentences with the correct marks in the right places.一定要在你文章句子中的正确地方标上正确的标点符号。
7 punctuated 7bd3039c345abccc3ac40a4e434df484     
v.(在文字中)加标点符号,加标点( punctuate的过去式和过去分词 );不时打断某事物
参考例句:
  • Her speech was punctuated by bursts of applause. 她的讲演不时被阵阵掌声打断。
  • The audience punctuated his speech by outbursts of applause. 听众不时以阵阵掌声打断他的讲话。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 nether P1pyY     
adj.下部的,下面的;n.阴间;下层社会
参考例句:
  • This terracotta army well represents his ambition yet to be realized in the nether-world.这一批兵马俑很可能代表他死后也要去实现的雄心。
  • He was escorted back to the nether regions of Main Street.他被护送回中央大道南面的地方。
9 rime lDvye     
n.白霜;v.使蒙霜
参考例句:
  • The field was covered with rime in the early morning.清晨地里覆盖着一层白霜。
  • Coleridge contributed the famous Rime of the Ancient Mariner.柯勒律治贡献了著名的《老水手之歌》。
10 mariner 8Boxg     
n.水手号不载人航天探测器,海员,航海者
参考例句:
  • A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的大海决不能造就熟练的水手。
  • A mariner must have his eye upon rocks and sands as well as upon the North Star.海员不仅要盯着北极星,还要注意暗礁和险滩。
11 unaware Pl6w0     
a.不知道的,未意识到的
参考例句:
  • They were unaware that war was near. 他们不知道战争即将爆发。
  • I was unaware of the man's presence. 我没有察觉到那人在场。
12 perilous E3xz6     
adj.危险的,冒险的
参考例句:
  • The journey through the jungle was perilous.穿过丛林的旅行充满了危险。
  • We have been carried in safety through a perilous crisis.历经一连串危机,我们如今已安然无恙。
13 isolated bqmzTd     
adj.与世隔绝的
参考例句:
  • His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
  • Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。
14 disappearance ouEx5     
n.消失,消散,失踪
参考例句:
  • He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.他难以说明她为什么不见了。
  • Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。
15 promptly LRMxm     
adv.及时地,敏捷地
参考例句:
  • He paid the money back promptly.他立即还了钱。
  • She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。
16 permissible sAIy1     
adj.可允许的,许可的
参考例句:
  • Is smoking permissible in the theatre?在剧院里允许吸烟吗?
  • Delay is not permissible,even for a single day.不得延误,即使一日亦不可。
17 drawn MuXzIi     
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
参考例句:
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
18 emphatic 0P1zA     
adj.强调的,着重的;无可置疑的,明显的
参考例句:
  • Their reply was too emphatic for anyone to doubt them.他们的回答很坚决,不容有任何人怀疑。
  • He was emphatic about the importance of being punctual.他强调严守时间的重要性。
19 mere rC1xE     
adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过
参考例句:
  • That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
  • It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。
20 thoroughly sgmz0J     
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地
参考例句:
  • The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
  • The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。
21 valor Titwk     
n.勇气,英勇
参考例句:
  • Fortitude is distinct from valor.坚韧不拔有别于勇猛。
  • Frequently banality is the better parts of valor.老生常谈往往比大胆打破常规更为人称道。
22 entrusted be9f0db83b06252a0a462773113f94fa     
v.委托,托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He entrusted the task to his nephew. 他把这任务托付给了他的侄儿。
  • She was entrusted with the direction of the project. 她受委托负责这项计划。 来自《简明英汉词典》
23 irresistible n4CxX     
adj.非常诱人的,无法拒绝的,无法抗拒的
参考例句:
  • The wheel of history rolls forward with an irresistible force.历史车轮滚滚向前,势不可挡。
  • She saw an irresistible skirt in the store window.她看见商店的橱窗里有一条叫人着迷的裙子。
24 syllables d36567f1b826504dbd698bd28ac3e747     
n.音节( syllable的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a word with two syllables 双音节单词
  • 'No. But I'll swear it was a name of two syllables.' “想不起。不过我可以发誓,它有两个音节。” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记
25 vowel eHTyS     
n.元音;元音字母
参考例句:
  • A long vowel is a long sound as in the word"shoe ".长元音即如“shoe” 一词中的长音。
  • The vowel in words like 'my' and 'thigh' is not very difficult.单词my和thigh中的元音并不难发。
26 consonants 6d7406e22bce454935f32e3837012573     
n.辅音,子音( consonant的名词复数 );辅音字母
参考例句:
  • Consonants are frequently assimilated to neighboring consonants. 辅音往往被其邻近的辅音同化。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Vowels possess greater sonority than consonants. 元音比辅音响亮。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
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