I Have a Dream

　　Five score years' ago, a great American, in whose symbolic² shadow we stand today,signeed the Emancipation³ Proclamation. This momentous⁴ decree came as a great beacon⁵ light of hOpe to millions of Negro slaves, who,had been seared in the fIames of withering⁶ in justice. It canie as a joyous⁷ daybreak to end the long night of their captivity⁸.

　　But one hundred years later,the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation⁹ and the chainL of discrimination. One hundred years later,the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished¹⁰ in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling¹¹ condition.

　　In a sense, we've come to our nation's Capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of lndependence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that aIl¹² men--yes,black men as weIl as white men--would

　　be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness.

　　It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note 'insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. lnstead of honoring this sacred obligation,America has given the Negro people a bad check: a check which has come back marked "insufficient¹³ funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults¹⁴ of opportunity of this nation. So we've come to cash this check--a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of new. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of Democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate¹⁵ valley of segregation to the sunlight of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice¹⁶ to the solid rock of brotherhood¹⁷. New is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.

　　It wouId be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate¹⁸ discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equaIity. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and wilI now be content will have a rude awakening¹⁹ if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship²⁰ rights. The whirlwinds of 'revolt wiIl continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

　　But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our

　　thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred²¹.

　　We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate²² into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic²³ heights of meeting physicaI force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy²⁴ which has engulfed²⁵ the Negro community must not lead us to a

　　distrust of all white people,for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today,have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And, they bave come to reaIize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.

　　And as we walk we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who ask the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?"We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality²⁶. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies,heavy with the fatigue²⁷ of travel, cannot gain lodging²⁸ in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility²⁹ is from a smaIler ghetto³⁰ to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating "For Whites Only." We cannot be satisfed as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No,no,we are not satisfied,and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty³¹

　　stream.

　　I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations³². Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you batteted by the storms of persecution³³ and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

　　Go back to Mississippi,go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina,go back to Georgia,go back to Louisiana,go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

　　I say to you today,my friends,so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

　　I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:"We hold these truths to be self-evident;that all men are created equal."

　　I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood;I have a dream-

　　That one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis³⁴ of freedom and justice; I have a dream-

　　That my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character; I have a dream today.

　　I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification,one day right there in Alabama littIe black boys and black girIs will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers;I have a dream today.

　　I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted³⁵, every hill and mountain shall be made low, and rough places will be made plane and crooked³⁶ places will be made straight,and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,and all flesh shall see it together.

　　This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be abIe to hew³⁷ out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords³⁸ of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together,to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together,to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

　　This will be the day.... This will be the day when all of God's children wilI be able to sing with new meaning. "My country 'tis of thee,sweet land of liberty, of thee l sing. Land wbere my fathers died,land of the pilgrim's pride,from every mountainside, let freedom ring, "and if America is to be a great nation--tbis must become true.

　　So let freedom ring--from the prodigious³⁹ hill-tops of New Hampshire, let freedom ring; from the mighty mountains of New York,let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!

　　Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!

　　Let freedom ring from the curvaceous sIopes of California!

　　But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!

　　Let freedom ring from Lookout⁴⁰ Mountain of Tennessee!

　　Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring !

　　When we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet,from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children,black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics,will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual,"Free at last! free at last ! thank God almighty,we are free at last!"

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