TED演讲:是什么造就了长城的无与伦比(1)
时间：2018-10-25 01:20:41
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（单词翻译）
A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone winds its way through the countryside of China 一条1万3英里的土石之龙蜿蜒于中国乡野之间，
with a history almost as long and
serpentine1 as the structure. 它的历史几乎与其结构一样悠久曲折。
The Great Wall began as multiple walls of
rammed2 earth built by individual
feudal3 states during the Chunqiu period 长城最初是多座泥土夯实的城墙，由春秋战国时期的各个独立封建国家修筑，
to protect against
nomadic4 raiders north of China and each other. 以抵制中国北方游牧民和其它国家。
When Emperor Qin Shi Huang
unified5 the states in 221 BCE, 公元前221年，秦始皇统一中国时，
the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers, 青藏高原和太平洋成为了国家的天然屏障，
but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable to Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions. 但北方的山脉对于蒙古、土耳其及匈奴人的入侵来说显得非常薄弱。
To defend against them, the Emperor expanded the small walls built by his
predecessors6, 为了抵御外敌，秦始皇扩建了之前所筑建的小城墙，
As the structures grew from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, 城墙起于西部临洮，止于东部辽东，
they collectively became known as The Long Wall. 合在一起称为长城。
To accomplish this task, the Emperor
enlisted8 soldiers and commoners, not always voluntarily. 为了完成这项工程，秦始皇征召了士兵和平民，而他们往往不是出于自愿。
Of the hundreds of thousands of builders recorded during the Qin Dynasty, 在秦朝记录的成千上万建造者中，
many were forcibly conscripted peasants and others were criminals serving out sentences. 许多人都是被强征而去的农民，另外一些则是服刑犯人。
Under the Han Dynasty, the wall grew longer still, reaching 3700 miles, 汉朝时期，长城继续扩建延长至3700英里，
and spanning from Dunhuang to the Bohai Sea. 从敦煌延伸到渤海。
Forced
labor9 continued under the Han Emperor Han-Wudi, 强制性劳动在汉武帝时期持续着，
and the walls reputation grew into a notorious place of suffering. 因而城墙被视作受苦受害之地，从而臭名昭彰。
Poems and legends of the time told of
laborers10 buried in nearby mass graves, or even within the wall itself. 那一时期的诗歌与传说描述了劳动者被掩埋于附近的大规模墓地甚至是城墙内。
And while no human
remains11 have been found inside, grave pits do 然而城墙内并未发现人类尸骸墓坑，
indicate that many workers died from accidents, hunger and
exhaustion12. 表明那些劳动者大多死于意外、饥饿与疲劳。
Both Genghis and his son Khublai Khan managed to
surmount14 the wall during the Mongol invasion of the 13th Century. 成吉思汗和他的儿子忽必烈曾于13世纪蒙古侵入之际设法攻克城墙。
After the Ming dynasty gained control in 1368, 1368年明朝执政之后，
they began to refortify and further
consolidate15 the wall using bricks and stones from local
kilns16. 他们开始使用当地窑中烧制而成的砖与石头重新强化和加固长城。
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