高三英语词汇的归类总复习(在线收听

      纵观历届高考,从单项选择、完形填空、短文改错、单词拼写乃至阅读理解的考查无一不是对词汇的考查 。到了高三,仅仅英语一科就有厚厚九本书(新版教材),两千多单词,数不清的习语搭配和同义词,加上复 杂的语法、语音,的确使英语复习显得很难而又“漫无边际”。怎样才能花较少的时间取得较大的复习效果呢 ?下面笔者就多年来从事高三教学所得的点滴体会,参照历届高考词汇考查频繁的内容,从语法、习语、辨析 和拼写等四方面将语音、词汇、语法和拼写融为一体,谈谈英语词汇的归类总复习。

    一、从用法上复习归纳词汇,过语法关

    英语词汇大多具有本身词义外,还有其语法功能,我们在复习时就不要把着眼点单纯放在单词记忆上,而 要从它们的语法功能上去把握它们。如在复习动词时我们就要根据它们变化形式多、搭配活跃等特点,从它们 的用法上进行分类记忆。这样,既可记住词汇,又可攻克语法难关。

    1.宾语不同,意义也不同

    英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类词主 要有:

    go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)

    stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下来去干某事)

    regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do

    forget/remember doing(忘记/记得已做过的事) forget/rem-ember to do(忘记/记得要干的事)

    mean doing(意味着干…) mean to do(想干…)

    try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)

    95高考)"You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.""Well,now I regret_____ ___that."

    A.to do B.to be doing

    C.to have done D.having done

    ───────(画线项为答案,下同)

    92高考)"I usually go there by train.""Why not____________by boat for a change?"

    A.to try going B.trying to go

    C.to try and go D.try going

    ──────

    2.都可接宾语和宾补,形式却不同

    某些动词如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补时 ,宾补要用不定式。如:

    We forbid smoking here.(宾语)

    We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补)

    You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补)

    87高考)They would not allow him_________across the ene-my line.

    A.to risk going B.risking going

    ────────

    C.for risk to go D.risk going

    3.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同

    有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被 动意义),可与worth,worthy一并记忆。两种形式意义相同。如:

    The room requires to be cleaned/cleaning.

    85高考)This sentence needs______________.

    A.an improvement B.improve

    C.improving D.improved

    ──────

    4.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组

    只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有:decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,hap pen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:

    89高考)She pretended____________me when I passed by.

    A.not to see B.not seeing

    ──────

    C.to not see D.having not seen

    5.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组

    只接动名词作宾语的词和词组:mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,excape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,de lay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be used to,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:

    92高考)I would appreciate_________back this afternoon.

    A.you to call B.you call

    C.your calling D.you are calling

    ───────

    87高考)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.

    A.catching B.to be caught

    C.being caught D.to catch

    ───────

    6.半系动词

    半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有:

    表感观的系动词:look,sound,taste,smell,feel(这些词用形容词作表语),seem,appear

    表变化的系动词:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run

    表依旧的系动词:remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold

    可带名词作表语的系动词:be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(该词后接的单数名词 前多不用冠词。如:He turned teacher.

    91高考)These oranges taste____________.

    A.good B.well

    ───

    C.to be good D.to be well

    7.含“被动”意味的动词

    有些动词,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook,let(出租)等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连 用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:

    My pen writes smoothly.我的笔好写。

    Oil burns easily.油易燃烧。

    88高考)That suit_________over 60 dollars.

    A.had costed B.costed

    C.is cost D.cost

    ────

    97高考)"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine____________th-ere behind the door."

    A.is hanging B.has hung

    ──────

    C.hangs D.hung

    8.具有两种形式的易混动词

    中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或考测时极易弄混。如:

    hang,hanged,hanged(绞死)

    hang,hung,hung(挂起)

    light,lit,lit(点燃,作谓语)

    light,lighted,lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓“燃烧着的”,作定语)

    drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓“醉的”,drunk多作表语,drunke n多作定语)

    sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语)

    bear,bore,born(出生)

    bear,bore,borne(结果;生育)

    lie(撒谎),lied,lied,lying

    lie(躺,卧,位于),lay,lain,lying

    89高考)Do you know the boy___________under the big tree?

    A.lay B.lain

    C.laying D.lying

    ────

    The woman,who was born in 1940,has borne five children.

    ── ───

    二、从搭配上复习归纳词汇,过习语关

    英语词汇的搭配十分活跃,复习时我们要把重点放在某些常用的动词、名词或介词、副词。我们可按下列 方式进行对比归纳。

    1.常用的搭配活跃的名词

    常用的搭配较活跃的名词有:time,way,moment,means等。如time的搭配短语在中学教材中出现有:

    in no time(立刻,马上),on time(按时),in time(及时、迟早),at a time(一次),behind the times(落伍),behind time(不及时,晚点),at one time(曾经),for a time(一度),at othe r times(其它时候,平素),at times(有时候),at all times(一直,经常)

    93高考)If you keep on,you will succeed_____________.

    A.in time B.at on time

    ─────

    C.on time D.at the same time

    94高考)Don't all speak at once!___________,please.

    A.Each at on time

    B.One by one time

    C.One for each time

    D.One at a time

    ────────

    2.常用的搭配活跃的动词

    常用的搭配活跃的动词有:look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。复习时我们要 尽量将具有相反意义的介词、副词与同一动词的搭配罗列在一起对比记忆,如turn一词:

    turn on(打开),turn off(关上),turn up(放大音量等;出现),turn down(放小音量等;拒绝) turn in(上交),turn ag-ainst(反对),turn out(生产),turn away(避开)

    81高考)Would you mind__________your radio a little?

    A.turn off B.turning off

    C.to turn down D.turning down

    ───────

    92高考)Readers can_________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.

    A.get over B.get out of

    ─────

    C.get away D.get off

    3.常用的搭配活跃的介词、副词

    搭配活跃的介词、副词有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。复习时,我们要从不同动 词、名词等与同一介词、副词搭配进行逐一过关,如on的搭配有:

    on与动词的搭配

    get on(上车/船等),live on(以…为生),feed on(以…为生),take on(接受;雇用),turn on(打开开关/电器等),look on(旁观),spy on(侦察/窥探),call on(号召;拜访),go on(继续 ),have on(穿戴),depend on(依靠),wait on(侍候),carry on(执行),hold on(坚持),insi st on(坚持),play tr-icks on(戏弄),fix on(注视),impress on(留下印象)

    on与名词搭配(注意冠词的取舍)

    on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃烧),on show(展览),on time(准时) on strike(罢工),on watch(监视,观察),on sale(出售;大减价),on earth(到底,究竟),on

    journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在右边),on the whole(总而言之),on one's own(独自 ),on one's side(支持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/请假)

    ③其它情况:

    later on(后来),from now/then on(从现在/那时起),on account of(由于,因为)

    93高考)We offered him our congratulations_______his pa-ssing the college entrance exams.

    A.at B.on C.for D.of

    ──

    91高考)A new school was___________in the village last year.

    A.held up B.set up

    ────

    C.sent up D.brought up

    三、从对比词/词组的同义、词序或结构等复习归纳词汇,过辨析关

    1.动作动词和结果动词

    英语中有些动词虽然意义相同,但用法不同,有的表示某个动作,而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果, 这类动词常见的有:

    look for(寻找),find(找到);look(看),see(看见);listen(听),hear(听到);try(试 图,不说明是否成功),manage(设法,侧重做到);advise(劝告,不说明是否劝成),persuade(劝服, 侧重劝成功)

    87高考)How can you___________if you are not__________?

    A.listen,hearing B.hear,listening

    ────────

    C.be listening,heard D.be hearing,listened to

    2.词序不同、意思就不同

    有少量词组颠倒词序后意思和用法就不同了,常见的有:

    before long(不久以后),long before(很久以前)

    turn in(上交;就寝),in turn(按次序,轮流)

    hand in(上交),in hand(在手边)

    from far(来自远方),far from(离得远;远非)

    much too(非常,修饰形容词或副词),too much(太多,修饰名词,也可作名词)

    if only(要是…),only if(只有…)

    all in(精疲力尽),in all(总共)

    good for(对…有好处),for good(永远)

    95上海)It was__________late to catch a bus after the party,therefore we called a taxi.

    A.too very B.much too

    ─────

    C.too much D.far

    Before long,he moved to London and made London the base for ────── his revolutionar y work.

    It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove ────── the Aus trians out of their homeland.

    3.动词后有无介词,意思不同

    因有无介词而词义不同的动词在中学英语教材中较多,常见的如:

    search(对人、物或场所搜查),search for(搜寻人、物或场所)

    leave(离开某地),leave for(去某地)

    reach(到达;拿到),reach for(伸手去拿)

    prepare(准备),prepare for(为…作准备)

    enter(进入),enter for(报名参加)

    run(经营;跑),run for(竞选)

    stand(站;忍受),stand for(代表)

    answer(回答),answer for(负责)

    know(了解,知道),know about(知道关于…)

    pay(付钱、债给某人),pay for(付钱买某物)

    The baby reached for the apple but he couldn't reach it.那婴儿伸手去拿苹果,但够不到。

    The mayor who used to run a small shop will run for the Senate.那个曾经营过一家小店的市长准备 去竞选参议员。

    4.有无-ly,意思和用法都不同

    这词在教材中较多。一般来说,在形容词后加了-ly成了副词,但有些形容词不加-ly时也可作副词,因而 在使用或考测时学生常混淆不清,复习时可按用法分类记忆:

    a.表具体(无-ly)和抽象(有-ly)的区别:

    wide(宽广),widely(广泛地)

    deep(深),deeply(深深地)

    high(高,位置高),highly(高度地)

    low(位置低),lowly(地位卑微)

    b.有无-ly,意思不同:

    near(近,附近),nearly(几乎)

    hard(努力),hardly(几乎不)

    most(大部分),mostly(主要地)

    like(象…一样),likely(大概,也许)

    dear(昂贵),dearly(深切地;昂贵地)

    close(靠近地),closely(密切地)

    late(迟到),lately(最近)

    bad(坏),badly(恶劣地;严重地)

    5.合写与分写时意思不同

    这类词在拼法上一样,但合写和分写在用法和意义上却不同,常见的词有:

    sometime(某个时候),some time(一段时间)

    sometimes(有时),some times(几次)

    everydayadj.“日常的”,作定语),every day(每天)

    anywayadv.无论怎样),any way(以任何方式)

    altogether(总共,完全),all together(一道,一起)

    already(已经),all ready(都已准备好)

    everyone(每个人,指人,不可接of短语),every one (每个人或物,后可接of短语)

    none(没有,可指人或物),no one(没有,专指人)

    95高考)They were all very tired,but_______of them would stop to take a rest.

    A.any B.some C.none D.neither

    ───

    6.差了一个字母a,意思大不同

    这类词不多,但在练习中极易出错,使用时也常混淆,因而要从用法和意义上加以辨别。如:

    aliveadj.“活着的”,作表语),liveadj.修饰物,作定语:a live fire

    aloneadj.,adv.“独自”,作形容词时作表语),loneadj.“孤独的;偏僻的”,作定语)

    asleepadj.“熟睡的”,常作表语),sleepV.,n.睡着)

    awakeadj.,v.“醒着;叫醒”,作形容词时作表语),wakev.叫醒)

    alikeadj.“相象的”,表语形容词),likev.,prep.,adj.喜欢;象…一样)

    arisevi.产生;发生;出现),risevi.起来;上涨;上升)

    acrossprep.,adv.穿过;横过),crossv.穿过;横过)

    awaitvt.“等候”,直接接宾语),waitvi.“等候”,不及物动词)

    aloudadv.“大声地”,与read,call,cry等连用,无比较级形式),loudadv.“大声地,响亮地”, 常与talk,speak,shout,laugh等词连用)

    注意:有a-的形容词常作表语,作定语时则要后置。如:

    It's difficult for the man awake to fall asleep again.

    ───

    四、归纳易拼错的常用词,过拼写关

    归纳易拼错的常用词如:quarrel,immerdiately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republic ,public,appreciate,pronunciation等,攻克单词拼写难关。

    我们在复习词汇时要有的放矢,全方位、多渠道地去探索它们的内在规律,根据它们的特点把语音、拼写 、语法、搭配等融为一体,缩小复习的范围、避免词汇复习的枯燥性,从而提高复习兴趣与效果

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