一：形式主语或形式宾语it
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出它的美丽。（ it ）
It is very hard for those who haven’t been to the small village to describe its beauty.
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。（it ）
I find it hard/it is hard to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinions.
常需要用形式主语来翻译的情况
1、It’s + adj. + of/for sb. to do sth.
Eg. It’s so careless of you to make so many spelling mistakes in the English exam
2、It so happened that…
Eg. It so happened that I didn’t have any money on me.
3、It’s reported/ believed/ estimated that…
It’s estimated that about 30 passengers were killed in the bus accident.
4、在强调句it is + that 中
Eg. It’s because of his perseverance that led to his late success.
5、在含有某些形容词的句子中，如important，necessary，impossible, natural, common, strange等。
6、It’s likely that…
Eg. It’s likely that John won’t come though he has promised do.
Practice:
据报道，飞机失事是由引擎故障引起的。（report）
我们已定好了规矩，开会迟到的要罚款。（…it…）
众所周知，中国是个发展中国家。（It…）
二：动名词作主语
.勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。(infect)
Washing hands often/frequently/regularly is one of the effective ways to avoid being infected by diseases.
充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停地看书。(make full use of time)
Making full use of time doesn’t mean keeping on reading books from morning till night.
长时间看电视有损视力。(do harm)
watching too much TV does harm to one’s eyes./Watching TV for a long time does harm to one’s eyes.
Practice
定期复习课文可以使我们更好地掌握已学的知识。（enable）
大量砍伐树木已经对生态平衡带来了严重影响。（upset）
吃太多的甜食容易使人发胖。（likely）
三：句型结构
很多人身体有疾病时才认识到保持健康的重要性。(not…until)
Many people are not aware of the importance of being healthy until they are ill.
这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。(so…that)
The historical novel about World War I is so attractive that I can’t bear to put it down.
Practice
这个练习太难，没几个人能做对。（so…that）
他下决心不再依赖父母，要靠自己用双手谋生。（not…but）
玛丽把开门的钥匙丢了，只好在屋外等她妈妈。（do nothing but）
她身体太弱，没法从事这样艰苦的工作。（too…to）
与阅读一样，听力在语言学习过程中也起着重要作用。（as…as）
人们普遍认为，用脑越多，智力越活跃。（the more…the more）
正是在这个小城里，他度过了幸福的童年。（It is … that…）
这位作家生活在18世纪60年代，但他的作品到90年代才流行。（not…until）
他是鉴定书法的高手，自己也写得一手好字。（not only…but also）
过了若干年那个事件的真相才被揭示出来。（It…before…）
四：连词
我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。(before)
We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion)
.如果队员之间不加强配合， 我校篮球队不可能在决赛中战胜对手。(unless)
Our school basketball team will not beat the opponents in the final match unless the team.members strengthen their cooperation well with each other
Practice:
你不说我根本不知道这件事。（until）
it.
过了许多年他才知道谁在他困难的时候帮助了他。 （before）
动动脑筋，否则你就会上他的当。（or）
纽约是国际大都市，那里你会遇见形形色色的人。（…while…）
你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。（once）
我读了这本书才对香港的历史有了更多的了解。（not until）
不说出事实真相我是不会让你走的。（unless）
要是你去那个城市走走，你会发现那儿的情况比想象的更糟。（and）
只要你努力，即使不成功也不会责怪你的。(as long as)
我们正在欣赏扣人心弦的足球赛，突然天下起了大雨。（…when…）
五：倒装句型
.我们的祖国从来没有象今天这样强大。（Never）
Never before has our country been so powerful as it is today.
他亲自到了中国后才意识到他对中国的了解是何等肤浅。(Only)
Only when he came to china himself did he realize how poor his knowledge of the country was.
Practice:
读报之前我对这起事件一无所知。（Not until）
我刚出门就想起把钥匙忘在卧室了。（No sooner）
尽管对南极进行了不少科学考察，我们对它还知之甚少。（Little）
到了那里你才会知道那儿的景色真是妙不可言。（Only）
他一生中从未离开过他出生成长的家乡。（Never）
这件事我一无所知，我也不关心此事。（nor）
不懂规则你几乎无法欣赏这种比赛。（Hardly）
你很少会见到他发脾气。（Seldom）
他一穿上外衣就匆忙朝银行方向走去。（Hardly had…）
无论如何你都不允许把这个秘密透露给任何人。（In no circumstance）
六：动词或动词短语
纵观历届高考翻译题型，每题的考核点始终保持在2至3个之间。在所有考核点中，短语的地位最为重要。基本上在每次考试中，考短语的考核点都占总考核点的一半左右。而在对短语的考核中，动词短语的地位是不言而喻的。高考的短语，十有八九考的是动词短语。
这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营里度过的日子。(remind)
The photo reminds me of the days we spent in the summer camp.
说老实话，我真后悔没能帮助他摆脱困境。(regret)
To tell the truth, I really regret not being able to help him out of the trouble.
Practice:
1、应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识用于实践中去。（apply）
2、不遵守交通规则的人将受到严惩。（fail）
3、过海关时，所有的行李都得接受检查。（check）
4、超市向顾客提供成千上万价美物廉的的商品。（provide）
5、你打算毕业后从事与你父母一样的职业吗？（intend）
6、你提到的那本书已经脱销了。（refer）
7、许多顾客向饭店经理投诉该店糟糕的服务。（complain）
8、随着经济的发展，现在许多家庭都买得起小轿车。（afford）
9、已经采取了新措施来防止这种疾病蔓延。（prevent）
10、这起事故究竟是如何发生的至今仍然是个迷。
七：中英文化的差异
如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。（convenient）
If it is convenient (to you), please fetch me the parcel from the post office.
.这本字典在所有的书店都买得到。(available)
because和so不能连用
although和but不能连用
等等。
八：成语英译
1999年：
他在实验中多次失败，但他相信失败是成功之母。
He has failed in his experiments many times, but he believes that failure is the mother of success.
2000年：
众所周知，成功来自勤奋，不努力则一事无成。
As we all know, success comes from hard work, without efforts nothing can be done.
or It is known to all that success results from diligence; without efforts nothing can be achieved.
2001年：
他们应从这件事中吸取教训，玩火者必自焚。
They should learn a lesson from this incident; he who plays with fire will surely get burnt.
这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。
Although the economy in this area is developing rapidly, the qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory.
2002年：
当时，那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助与游客。
At the time, the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourists/traveler( for help).
许多外国游客都想去长城一游，他们知道“不到长城非好汉”。
Many foreign tourists want to visit the Great Wall. They know that” He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”
2003年：
请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。
Please make up your mind as early as possible, or you will miss the good opportunity.
or Please make your decision as early as possible, or you’ll lose the golden chance.
这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。
The historical novel about World War I ( WWI) is so attractive that I can’t stand parting with it. ( I can't stand putting it down )
2004年：
虽然她孤身一人，无亲无故，但邻居们都向她伸出了援助之手。
Although she lives (alone) with no relatives or friends, all the/her neighboures offer her a helping hand/offer to help her.
这个游戏的规则太复杂，三言两语解释不清。
The rules of the game are too completed to explain/be explained in a few words.
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作。
I find it is hard to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinion.
2005年
只要我们齐心协力，就能很快解决这个技术难题。
So long as/As long as/If we work co-operatively/with combined efforts/joint efforts, we will be able to solve/work out the technical problems. soon.
他进公司后不久就开始独立完成了一项艰巨的任务，同事们对他刮目相看。 （so）
He finished a difficult task on his own / independently soon / shortly after he entered the company, so his colleagues looked at him with new eyes / regarded him in a totally different light/ treated him with increased respect.
2006
每次我向她请教，她总是有求必应。而且解释得令我十分满意。(satisfaction)
Every time I ask her for advice, she is always ready to help, and explains to my full satisfaction.
这小孩太调皮，使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱。(So…)
So naughty is the child that he often upsets his parents who are busy with their work.
2007
医生挨家挨户上门巡访，省去了许多老人去医院的麻烦。(save)（07上海）
Doctors’ door-to-door visits save many old people’s trouble of going to hospital
2008
我对学生所谈论的电子产品一无所知， 我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant)（08上海）
Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about, I find myself left behind.
公事公办 business is business
取其精华，去其糟粕 follow/keep the good and cast away the bad
诲人不倦 never tired of teaching others
众所周知 as we all know/as is known to all
为所欲为 do whatever they/you like/have one’s own way
情不自禁 can’t help doing
熟视无睹 take no notice of/turn a blind eye to
竭尽全力 do one’s best/make every effort
鞠躬尽瘁 devote one’s life to
无济于事 It is no use doing…
颠倒黑白 call white black
简明扼要 make a long story short
归根结底 after all
家喻户晓 it is known to all
自始至终 from beginning to end
掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye
黔驴技穷 at one’s wit’s end
一箭双雕 A stone kills two birds
一见钟情 fall in love at the first sight
一步之隔，近在咫尺 a stone’s throw
一无所知 know nothing
一事无成 achieve nothing
上上下下 up and down
来来回回 back and forth
聚精会神 fix their mind
助人为乐 being always ready to help others.
毛遂自荐 volunteered to be
无言以对 at a loss what to say
得意洋洋 to be proud of himself.
轻而易举 without any difficulty
不可置信 unbelievable
五彩缤纷 colorful
满怀希望 hopeful
老老实实 honestly
认认真真 earnestly
仔仔细细 carefully
整整齐齐 orderly / neatly
舒舒服服 comfortably
多姿多彩 colorful
不可置疑 undoubtedly
坚持不懈 perseverance
和蔼可亲 kindness
为人处事 behave
昙花一现 a flash in the pan
与时俱进 keep/change with the times
素质教育 quality education
九：复合句（各类从句）
我第一次写英语作文时，犯了许多拼写错误。(make) （2002年上海）
The first time I wrote the English composition, I made a lot of spelling mistakes.
彼得每月留出一点钱以便在不久的将来购买一辆新汽车。(set aside)（1998上海高考）
Peter sets aside some money every month so that he can buy a new car in the near future.
这张照片让我们想起了在夏令营里度过的日子。(remind)（2000年上海）
The picture reminds me of the days that were spent in the summer camp.
不管天有多晚，他从不把今天的事拖到明天。(put off)（2002年上海）
However late it is, he never puts off what should be done today till tomorrow.
尽管遭受如此严重的自然灾害， 但只要不灰心， 我们终会克服暂时的困难。(Although…)
Although we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficulty as long as we don’t lose heart.
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