[00:03.68]You'll hear three pieces of recorded material.
[00:08.65]Before listening to each one,
[00:12.09]you'll have time to read the questions related to it.
[00:16.82]While listening,answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D.
[00:22.75]After listening you will have time to check your answers.
[00:27.61]You will hear each piece once only.
[00:31.87]Questions 11--14 are based on the following speech on
[00:37.33]"What Is a Lie?"
[00:40.78]You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11--14.
[00:46.52]M:What exactly is a lie?
[00:51.51]Is it anything we say which we know is untrue?
[00:56.48]Or is it something more than that?
[01:00.13]For example,suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you.
[01:05.70]You say"I wish I could help you but I'm short of money myself."
[01:11.37]In fact,you are not short of money but your
[01:15.52]friend is in the habit of not paying his debts
[01:20.25]and you don't want to hurt his feeling by reminding him of this.
[01:25.58]Is this really a lie?
[01:29.23]Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California
[01:35.16]has made a scientific study of lying.
[01:39.29]According to him,women are better liars than men,
[01:44.15]particularly when telling a"white lie",
[01:48.41]such as when a woman at a party tells another woman
[01:53.37]that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful.
[01:58.52]However,this is only one side of the story.
[02:02.96]Other researchers say that men're more likely to tell more serious lies,
[02:09.93]such as making a promise which they have no intention of fulfilling.
[02:15.08]This is the kind of lie politicians and
[02:19.65]businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at:
[02:24.20]the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.
[02:30.44]Research has also been done into the way
[02:34.59]people's behaviour changes in a number of
[02:38.75]small apparently unimportantways when they lie.
[02:44.10]It has been found that if they are sitting down atthe time,
[02:49.06]they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual.
[02:53.43]To the trained observer they are saying
[02:57.29]"I wish I were somewhere else now."
[03:01.13]They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often,
[03:06.49]in particular the nose.
[03:09.73]One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight
[03:15.37]increase in blood pressure.
[03:19.03]The upper of the nose is very sensitive to such changes
[03:24.38]and the increased pressure makes it itch
[03:28.64]Of course,such gestures as rubbing the nose,or moving about in a chair
[03:34.52]cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying.
[03:39.06]They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation.
[03:44.52]It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away
[03:50.09]but a whole number of things,
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