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Unit 3
Career Planning
After-Class Reading
PASSAGE I Summer Job[1] Planning
Proper Names
Boston
波士顿(美国马萨诸塞州首府)
Cape Cod
科德角(位于美国马萨诸塞州东南部)
Filene's
法林百货公司(总部设在美国波士顿)
Northampton, Mass.
北安普敦(位于美国马萨诸塞州中西部)
Rutgers University
拉特格斯大学(位于美国新泽西州)
New Words
cape *
n. 岬，海峡
commuter *
n. someone who travels regularly by bus, train or car between one's place of work (usually in a city) and one's home (usually at a distance) (尤指市郊之间)乘公交车辆上下班者
e.g. The train was packed with sweaty complaining commuters.
conceive *
v. think of a new idea, plan, etc. and develop it in your mind 构思，设想; become pregnant with (a child) 怀孕
e.g. He conceives (of) society as a jungle where only the fittest survive.
editor *
n. 编辑
educate *
v. teach or train someone, especially at a school, college, or university 教育
e.g. She lives in America but was educated in the UK.
freshman
n. (plural freshmen) a student in the first year of college 大学一年级学生
hedge
n. means of defense (against possible loss) 防止可能造成损失的手段
intern
n. someone who is finishing their training for a skilled job, especially in medicine or teaching 实习生
internship
n. 实习生身份
landscaper
n. someone who designs or arranges plants, paths, etc. in gardens and parks 园林学家，庭园设计师
lifeguard
n. expert swimmer employed to rescue bathers in difficulty or danger (游泳场的)救生员
option *
n. a choice you can make in a particular situation 选择
e.g. One option would be to cancel the trip altogether.
personnel *
n. (plural) the people who work in a company or organization, or in the army, navy, etc. 人员，职员；adj.有关人事的
postpone *
v. change an event, action, etc. to a later time or date 推迟
e.g. We will have to postpone the meeting until next week.
screen *
n. the flat glass part of a television or computer 屏幕
select *
v. choose something by carefully thinking about which is the best, most suitable, etc. 选择
e.g. There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them.
spot *
n. a particular place or area, especially a pleasant place where you spend time 地点，场所
squad *
n. 班，小队
stipend
n. official income, salary 薪金，定期生活补助
supermarket *
n. 超级市场
Summer Job[1] Planning
Assuming that you know what you want to do after college—and you may be considered shortsighted[2] these days if you have not picked a career by the time you enter college—you should start thinking about a job even before you graduate.
What companies or organizations have the job you want? Let's say you majored in English or history and you want to write a great novel. You need a job to support and educate you. You have to select from a list of several possibilities, not unlike choosing an option from the "menu" on the screen of a personal computer. Your options might include:
A. Working for a publishing company
B. Writing for a scientific company
C. Working for a public relations firm
D. Going to graduate school to postpone decision
E. None of these
If you select option A, for example, it would be a good idea to write letters while you are in college to a dozen or more publishing houses and ask for an interview with the personnel director. If you happen to have a contact[3]such as an editor who might be willing to meet with you, so much the better[4].
Make every effort[5]to have an interview. You should be familiar with the company before your interview and your aim should be to express to the personnel manager your interest in working for the company.[6] You might ask if a summer job (with pay, if possible) or an internship is available. In many cases interns do receive a small stipend; in others no pay is offered.
It is important at this stage of your life to find a summer job that will enhance your future career. If you cannot find one in your field, then the alternative is to take another type of summer job—lifeguard, housepainter, landscaper, waitress, or worker in a retail store or supermarket. These jobs tend to pay quite well, and you can save enough for many college expenses. That aspect has to be weighed against the fact that they might not help your career plans[7]. Any summer job that requires hard work and a certain amount of responsibility is good for your résumé. Naturally if the job is career-oriented[8], it makes [9] better reading.
One day on the commuter train [10], I was sitting in front of two high school girls, and one said to the other, "My college education won't cost my father one cent. At least I don't think so." She explained that she had been working weekends, summers, and Christmas and spring vacations as a waitress in a restaurant. Her tips were so good she had saved up $10,000. She planned to go to Rutgers University, commuting from home. If she continued working through college she figured she could graduate without debt and go to graduate school.
When I started looking for a summer job in college I found that the only organization that would hire me (except for restaurants) was Filene's, the big Boston department store that operated a summer branch on Cape Cod, where my family vacationed. During my freshman year at college I paid a visit to the Northampton, Mass., branch, a year-round [11] operation. I asked for a job selling on Saturdays and a job the following summer. I was hired on the spot. The following summer the manager of the Northampton shop assumed management of the Cape Cod branch for the summer, and she asked me to come along as a salesgirl.
All through college I earned my expenses by working for Filene's on the Cape during the summer months and on Saturdays and sale days during the college years. I also conceived and wrote copy [12] for the advertisements that Filene's ran in our college newspaper during the winter, and an art major did the drawings based on my ideas. By the time I was a senior I knew that I did not want to go into retailing, but it was my hedge [13] against the future. I knew from conversations with the store manager that if I could not find a newspaper reporting job I could find a spot on the Filene's training squad, and use that step toward a writing job.
Phrases and Expressions
come along
(encourage someone in a friendly way to) do something, especially to attend something 快一点，赶快
e.g. There is a big press conference today and you're most welcome to come along.
meet with
have a meeting with 和......会面
e.g. Representatives of EC countries will meet with senior American politicians.
on the spot
immediately, there and then 立即，当场
e.g. She was caught without a ticket and fined thirty pounds on the spot.
PASSAGE II Which Career Is the Right One for You?
Proper Names
John L. Holland
(男子名)约翰.L.霍兰
Johns Hopkins University
约翰斯.霍普金斯大学(位于美国马里兰州)
New Words
accountant *
n. someone whose job is to keep and check financial accounts 会计
adventuresome
adj. eager to go to new places and do exciting or dangerous things 爱冒险的
ambitious *
adj. determined to be successful, rich, powerful, etc. 有雄心的，野心勃勃的
analyst
n. a person skilled in making analyses 分析家，分析员
analytical *
adj. using methods that help you examine things carefully 分析的，用分析方法的
argumentative
adj. fond of arguing 爱争论的，好辩论的
artistic *
adj. connected with art or culture 艺术的
bond *
n. 债券
bookkeeper
n. person whose job is recording business transactions 簿记员
broker
n. person who buys or sells things (e.g. shares in a business) for others 经纪人(如替人买卖股票的)
cashier
n. 出纳员
clinical
adj. of or relating to the examination and treatment of patients and their illnesses 临床的
competitive *
adj. determined to be more successful than other people 比赛的，竞争的
complicated *
adj. difficult to understand or deal with 复杂的
conforming
adj. 遵守(规则、法则等)的
conscientious *
adj. careful to do what one ought to do, and do it as well as one can 认真的，尽责的
consultant *
n. a person who gives expert advice (in business, law, etc.) 顾问
convention *
n. behavior and aptitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right 习俗，惯例
e.g. In some countries, it's a convention that the guests wear black or dark-colored clothes.
cooperative *
adj. willing to be helpful 合作的，愿意协助的
domineering
adj. wanting to control others 专横的，跋扈的
energetic *
adj. full of or done with energy 精力充沛的，充满活力的
enlightening
adj. 有启迪作用的，使人感悟的
file *
n. 档案
frank *
adj. showing thoughts and feelings openly; honest and direct in speech 坦率的
e.g. I was brought up to be frank and speak my mind.
gallery *
n. room or building for showing works of art 陈列馆，美术馆，画廊
idealistic
adj. 理想主义的
imaginative *
adj. having or showing imagination 富于想像力的
independent *
adj. not dependent on other people or things 独立的，自主的
interior *
adj. inside or indoors 内部的
intricate *
adj. made up of many small parts put together in a complex way, and therefore difficult to follow or understand 错综复杂的
introspective
adj. concerned with or thinking about oneself 反省的，内省的
intuitive
adj. able to understand situations using their feelings without being told or having any proof 直觉的，凭直觉的
investigative
adj. of or connected with investigating 调查的，调查性质的
laboratory *
n. 实验室
leadership
n. 领导
materialistic
adj. caring only about money and possessions rather than things of the mind 唯物主义的，物质享乐主义的
merchandiser
n. 推销商
obedient *
adj. doing what one is told to do 服从的，顺从的
orderly *
adj. well-behaved, peaceful 守秩序的
e.g. An orderly crowd gathered at the gate.
persistent *
adj. refusing to give up 坚持的，不屈不挠的
portrait *
n. painted picture, drawing or photograph of (especially the face of) a person or an animal 肖像，照片
repetitive
adj. done many times in the same way 重复的
retailer *
n. 零售商
robust *
adj. healthy and strong 强健的
setting *
n. surroundings, environment 环境
sociable
adj. fond of the company of other people, friendly 好交际的，合群的
stable *
adj. not easily upset or disturbed, reliable 持重的，可靠的
statistician
n. 统计学家，统计员
straighten *
v. become straight or make something straight 把......弄直，使挺直
e.g. The road twisted and turned and then straightened out.
studio *
n. 工作室，摄影室，演播室，录音棚
systematic *
adj. done or acting according to a system or plan 有系统的，有条理的
tactful
adj. careful not to say or do anything that will upset or embarrass other people 言行得体的
talkative
adj. liking to talk a lot 爱说话的
thrifty
adj. using money carefully and wisely 节约的
verbal *
adj. connected with words or using words 文字的，用文字的
Which Career Is the Right One for You?
When you are trying to plan your career, try out a variety of jobs, work in many different settings, volunteer for different tasks.
There are six basic categories of occupations. The six types of jobs, as developed by Professor John L. Holland, a psychology professor from Johns Hopkins University, are described here in some detail. Recognize that when I talk about the characteristics of people in the jobs, no one person has all of these characteristics. I am talking about trends, but they are strong trends.
Type A—Realistic Jobs
These are mainly skilled trades [1] or technical jobs, usually involving work with tools or machines, frequently called "blue-collar" positions.
People who are attracted to realistic jobs are usually robust, practical, physically strong and frequently competitive in outlook. They usually have good physical coordination, but sometimes they have trouble [2] expressing themselves in words or in talking with others. They prefer to deal with things rather than with ideas or with people. They enjoy creating things with their hands. They have good motor coordination [3], but they are frequently uncomfortable in social settings, and lack verbal and interpersonal [4] skills. They usually see themselves as mechanically and athletically inclined and are stable, natural and persistent. They prefer concrete to abstract problems.?
Realistic people tend to see the world in simple, tangible and traditional terms. Possessions are important to them, and they usually put their recreational money into cars, boats, motorcycles, or other machinery. Realistic people describe themselves in interviews as "conforming , frank, genuine, normal, persistent, practical, stable, thrifty, materialistic, and shy".
In general, in realistic jobs, life is not complicated by intricate problems between people or organizations, nor by troublesome choices between conflicting philosophies.
Type B—Conventional Jobs
These are usually office jobs where people work with organizations, files and regular schedules.
Conventional occupations include bookkeeper, statistician, bank teller, secretary, financial analyst, office manager, computer operator, bank cashier and accountant. Conventional jobs usually require a fair amount of writing, but it is usually the writing of business letters and regular reports.
People who enjoy conventional jobs describe themselves as "conforming, conscientious, efficient, obedient, orderly, persistent, practical and calm".
They like life to be orderly and to go according to plan. They like to know what is expected of them, and they enjoy carrying out their assignments.
Type C—Investigative Jobs
These are scientific and laboratory jobs, jobs where people investigate how the world is put together.
The tasks involved in investigative jobs are scientific or laboratory in nature, and usually involve trying to solve some puzzles, whether the puzzle is a large, mysterious problem such as how the universe came into being, or a more normal, daily problem such as figuring out the composition of a sample of blood taken from a patient in a clinic.
Investigative workers are usually found in research laboratories or clinical settings, but they also work in a wide range of other places—highway departments where they study issues such as traffic control and composition of highway materials; in advertising agencies where they work on market surveys; in food-producing companies where they work on nutritional aspects of food; in military settings where they work on new weapons or new military strategies; in financial departments where they work on questions of economic strategy and money flow—in general, in any place where problems are being attacked [5] in a systematic, scientific way.
They describe themselves as "analytical, curious, independent and reserved". They especially dislike repetitive activities and sales activities. They are very curious.
Type D—Artistic Jobs
These are creative jobs where people work with words or music or art.
The tasks involved in artistic occupations usually involve working with words, music or other art forms. Decorating rooms, designing homes, or doing portrait photography are other examples of artistic activities.
Artistic jobs are found in settings such as art museums, art galleries, music departments, interior decorating offices, music stores, theater groups, photographic studios, radio and television studios and any place where artistic skills are used and/or taught.
People who enjoy working in artistic jobs describe themselves as "complicated, disorderly, emotional, idealistic, imaginative, impractical, impulsive, independent, introspective, intuitive, nonconforming and original". They like to work in free environments that allow them to express themselves in a wide variety of media-writing, music, drawing, photography-in general, any art form.
Type E—Social Jobs
These are jobs where people work with people—healing them, teaching them, helping them.
The tasks involved in social jobs are those concerned with working with other people, teaching them, or training them, or curing them, or leading them, or organizing them, or enlightening them. Social tasks include explaining things to others, entertaining other people, planning the teaching of other people, helping other people solve their difficulties, organizing and conducting charities, and straightening out differences between people.
People who enjoy working in social jobs describe themselves as "cooperative, friendly, generous, helpful, idealistic, responsible, social, tactful and understanding". They like to work in groups, especially small groups that are working on problems common to individuals in the group.
Type F—Jobs of Leadership
These are jobs where people persuade other people to do something—sales jobs, political jobs, merchandising jobs.
Also included are many business executive jobs, making speeches, running for an elected office, heading a fund-raising campaign and many other jobs of leadership.
Other examples of jobs of leadership include public relations directors, stock and bond brokers, buyers, hostesses, retailers, fashion merchandisers and industrial consultants.
People who enjoy working in jobs of leadership describe themselves as "adventuresome, ambitious, argumentative, domineering, energetic, impulsive, optimistic, self-confident, sociable and talkative".
Phrases and Expressions
figure out
think about a problem or situation until you find the answer or understand what has happened 弄明白
e.g. Have you figured out what's wrong with your car?
in nature
在本质上
e.g. She is very cheerful in nature.
straighten out
settle a difficult situation by dealing with the things that are causing problems or confusion 解决某事物，排除某事物存在的困难
e.g. There are a few things that need straightening out between us.
try out
test something such as a method or a piece of equipment to see if it is effective or works properly 试验，试用，测试
e.g. If necessary, try out one or more methods until you find the one that suits you and your partner best.
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