有声读物《孙子兵法》第71期:第十二章 火攻(2)(在线收听

   火攻篇 NO.2:

  凡火攻,必因五火之变而应之:火发于内,则早应之于外;
  火发而其兵静者,待而勿攻,极其火力,可从而从之,不可从则上。
  火可发于外,无待于内,以时发之,火发上风,无攻下风,昼风久,夜风止。
  凡军必知五火之变,以数守之。
  故以火佐攻者明,以水佐攻者强。水可以绝,不可以夺。
  这句啥意思:
  凡用火攻,必须根据五种火攻所引起的不同变化,灵活部署兵力策应。
  在敌营内部放火,就要及时派兵从外面策应。
  火已烧起而敌军依然保持镇静,就应等待,不可立即发起进攻。
  待火势旺盛后,再根据情况作出决定,可以进攻就进攻,不可进攻就停止。
  火可从外面放,这时就不必等待内应,只要适时放火就行。
  从上风放火时,不可从下风进攻。白天风刮久了,夜晚就容易停止。军队都必须掌握这五种火攻形式,等待条件具备时进行火攻。
  用火来辅助军队进攻,效果显著;用水来辅助军队进攻,攻势必能加强。
  水可以把敌军分割隔绝,但却不能焚毁敌人的军需物资
  英文这么说:
  In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:
  (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp,respond at once with an attack from without.
  (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
  (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height,follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;if not, stay where you are.
  (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within,but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
  When you start a fire, be to windward of it.
  Do not attack from the leeward.
  A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,but a night breeze soon falls.
  In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated,and a watch kept for the proper days.
  Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
  those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
  By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,but not robbed of all his belongings.
  经典赏析:
  凡火攻有五:一曰火人,二曰火积,三曰火辎,四曰火库,五曰火队。
  根据所要打击对象的不同,孙子把火攻的方式具体区分归纳为五个大类。这一是焚烧敌方的人马,它属于最主要的类型,如赤壁之战、彝陵之战的情况;二是焚烧掉敌军的粮草,让他们饿肚子全身虚脱,就像官渡之战中曹操采纳许攸的献计,一把火烧掉袁绍囤积在乌巢的军粮;三是焚烧敌军的辎重,“军无辎重则亡”,对手没有了装备,便只有挨打的份,没有还手的力;四是焚烧敌军的仓库,破坏对手的后方战略资源,这仗自然便无法再打下去,就像隋统一南北之前,用高颖的计谋,潜人陈国后方,烧仓库搞破坏;五是焚烧敌方的交通线,补给道路一旦被切断,敌人虽“有心杀敌”,但实际情况则是“无力回天”,遭到失败不过是个时间问题了。
  虽然孙子的"火攻"之法在现代战争中已失去它的应用价值,但《火攻篇》所蕴含的思想,却意味深长。通过对孙子借力之道、修功之法、慎战原则的论述,进一步揭示了孙子谋略思想的深刻内涵。在敌我双方均势的情况下,慎战是谋划战争的重要前提,借力是战争制胜的重要条件,修功是巩固战果、实现"战胜而益强"战略目标的重要举措。这些思想对于思考军事斗争等现实问题均有重要的借鉴价值。
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