英语四级语法总结(1)(在线收听

   1.句子成分(members of the sentence)

  英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲,主要有下列六种句子成分:
  1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。
  2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的,如I study English中的study。
  3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的,如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。
  4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的,如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语,如They don’t work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday,就是介词on的宾语。
  5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的,如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。
  6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的,如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。 2.动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
  时态
  1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
  I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
  I’ve been sitting in the garden.
  2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
  I’d been working for some time when he called.
  We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
  3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
  By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
  In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
  4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.
  I shall have finished this one before lunch.
  They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
  语态   可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
  He was said to be jealous of her success.
  It was said that he was jealous of her success.
  能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
  It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
  The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
  担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
  Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
  双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
  双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
  He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
  Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
  宾补结构的被动语态:
  She was called Big Sister by everybody.
  Then he was made a squad leader.
  He was considered quite qualified for the job.
  The room was always kept clean and tidy.
  短语动词
  Vi + adv
  The plane took off two hours late.
  Vi + prep
  They looked round the Cathedral.
  Vi + prep (有被动语态)
  She’s looking after her sister’s children.
  The children were always well looked after.
  Vi + adv + prep
  I began to look forward to their visits.
  Vt + O + adv
  Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
  The children were brought up by their mother.
  They took him on.
  Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
  I am trying to give up smoking.
  Vt + O + prep
  We talked Donald into agreement.
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