an incredible network of rivers and lakes that every school-age child learns about, the Peace, the Athabasca, the Churchill here, the Mackenzie,  形成令人叹为观止的河流及湖泊网络，这是每位学龄儿童都读过的知识，和平河、阿萨帕斯卡尔河，丘吉尔河、马更些河，

and these networks were the historical routes for the voyageur and the Coureur des Bois,  这些网络是具有历史意义的路线，对旅客和猎人来说，

the first non-Aboriginal explorers of northern Canada that, taking from the First Nations people,  北加拿大第一位非原住民探险者仿效原住民的做法，

used canoes and paddled to explore for a trade route, a Northwest Passage for the fur trade.  使用独木舟探索贸易路线，即进行毛皮交易的西北航道。

In the North, the boreal is bordered by the tundra, and just below that, in Yukon, we have this incredible valley, the Tombstone Valley.  北方是被冻土带包围的北方森林，位于下方的育空省，拥有这座壮观的峡谷，墓碑谷。

And the Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine caribou herd.  墓碑谷是豪猪驯鹿的家园。

Now you've probably heard about the Porcupine caribou herd in the context of its breeding ground in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. 你或许听说过，豪猪驯鹿的繁殖地位于北极国家野生动物保护区.

Well, the wintering ground is also critical and it also is not protected,  事实上这片渡冬地亦十分重要却未受到保护,

and is potentially, could be potentially, exploited for gas and mineral rights.  它面临一個潜在危机,即天然气和矿物的开采.

The western border of the boreal in British Columbia is marked by the Coast Mountains, 位于卑诗省的北方森林西部边界即海岸山脉,

and on the other side of those mountains is the greatest remaining temperate rainforest in the world,  这座山脉的另一侧是世上现存最大的温带雨林,

the Great Bear Rainforest, and we'll discuss that in a few minutes in a bit more detail.  大熊雨林,我们稍后会做详细介绍.

All across the boreal, it's home for a huge incredible range of indigenous peoples, and a rich and varied culture.  纵观整个北方森林，它是众多原住民族群荟萃之地,拥有丰富多样的文化.

And I think that one of the reasons why so many of these groups have retained a link to the past,  我认为大多族群依然保有其固有文化的原因之一,

know their native languages, the songs, the dances, the traditions,  例如母语,歌曲、舞蹈、传统,

I think part of that reason is because of the remoteness, the span and the wilderness of this almost 95 percent intact ecosystem.  我认为部分原因在于它地处偏远,幅员广大且依旧保持原始面貌在这片将近95%生态系统,尚未遭受破坏的土地当中.