美国国家公共电台 NPR 白宫发布重启经济指南 具体时间由各州州长决定（在线收听）

At the beginning of this week, the president said he had the total authority to decide when state economies can reopen. After a lot of toing and froing, that message has changed in the past few days. The White House has now released new guidance emphasizing that it is up to governors to make that call. NPR's global health correspondent Nurith Aizenman joins us now to discuss the guidelines. Hi, Nurith.

总统曾在本周初表示，他拥有决定各州何时重启经济的“完全权力”。经过数个回合的交锋之后，这一言论在过去几天发生了改变。现在，白宫发布了一份新指南，强调决定权在各州州长手中。NPR新闻的全球卫生记者纽里斯·埃森曼将和我们连线，介绍这份指南。你好，纽里斯。

NURITH AIZENMAN, BYLINE: Good morning, Rachel.

纽里斯·埃森曼连线：早上好，蕾切尔。

MARTIN: What do they actually say?

马丁：指南有哪些具体内容？

AIZENMAN: They're pretty short on specifics, so states are going to have to figure out a lot of this for themselves. That said, the proposal is that states open in three stages. To give you a flavor, phase one looks a lot like the current stay-at-home situation, except if you're not in a vulnerable category like the elderly, you can socialize in groups of less than 10 people; telework still encouraged, but employers can bring some people back in the workplace. Phase two — now it's socializing with up to 50 people, schools reopen, nonessential travel can resume. Phase three — even vulnerable people can go back in public if they keep six feet apart, and everyone's back in the workplace. But still, large venues like churches, sports arenas have to make sure people can sit at a distance. And all along, states will be keeping an eye on this system the U.S. has for flagging sudden rises in flu-like cases as a kind of early warning to alert them if, oops, the virus is spreading again.

埃森曼：指南缺乏具体细节，只是明确各州必须自行解决很多问题。指南建议各州分三阶段开放。下面我来大致介绍一下，第一阶段和目前“呆在家中”的情况很像，除非你不属于老年人等易受感染群体，那你可以进行10人以下的社交活动；政府依然鼓励远程办公，但企业可以让一些人复工返岗。第二阶段，可进行最多50人的社交活动，学校重新开学，非必要旅行可以恢复。第三阶段，即使易受感染人群也可以在保持6英尺距离的情况下，返回公共场所，所有人都要回到工作岗位。不过，教堂、体育场馆等大型场馆必须确保人们隔位而坐。一直以来，各州都在密切关注这个美国用来标示类流感病例飙升的系统，这作为一种预警，提醒他们病毒是否再次蔓延。

MARTIN: Yeah. So when can states go into phase one?

马丁：好。那各州何时能进入第一阶段？

AIZENMAN: Well, there are criteria that states have to meet before they can start phase one and then again before they can advance to stage two and to stage three. For instance, over the last 14 days, new confirmed COVID cases need to be trending down; so does the percentage of tests that are coming back positive and also cases of people with COVID-like or flu-like symptoms. And the state's hospitals have to be able to treat everybody and test their health care workers.

埃森曼：各州在启动第一阶段之前必须达到一些标准，当然，进入第二阶段和第三阶段前也有必须达到的标准。比如，新冠病毒确诊病例要在过去14天内呈下降趋势；同时，阳性检出率以及出现新冠病毒类症状和类流感症状的病例也要持续下降。州医院必须有能力治疗所有患者并检测医护人员。

MARTIN: Are there any states that are already at that point?

马丁：有没有哪些州现在已经处于这一阶段？

AIZENMAN: Technically, maybe. We've already heard from North Dakota, Idaho, Ohio. Their governors say they'll start phased opening by May 1, and President Trump says he thinks a lot of states can do the same. But here's the issue — while public health specialists say, sure, states need to have a downward trend in their cases before they can open up, that's just one of several targets they say states need to meet, and the rest of those targets aren't in these guidelines.

埃森曼：从技术上来讲，也许有。我们已经听到了北达科塔州、爱达荷州和俄该俄州的表态。这些州的州长表示，他们将在5月1日前启动分阶段开放进程，特朗普总统表示，他认为许多州同样可以这样做。但有个问题，虽然公共卫生专家表示，各州在开放前需要确保病例呈下降趋势，但这只是指南中规定的各州需要达到的数个目标之一，而其他目标则未涵盖在指南内。

MARTIN: So what are those targets? What is not in the guidelines?

马丁：这些目标是什么？指南中未涵盖的目标包括什么？

AIZENMAN: Right. For one thing, the guidelines don't say how low your case count needs to get. Also in countries that managed to control their outbreaks without resorting to drastic social distancing, the consensus is what's made the difference has been to have these rapid reaction teams that can quickly identify anyone who's been infected, trace their contacts, test those contacts and isolate and quarantine as needed — you know, basically detecting and quashing any new rises in cases before it can start a whole new flare up. Because, remember, the virus is still out there, and the vast majority of us remain vulnerable to it. So public health specialists say before states can open up, they have to make sure they have enough capacity to test everyone who is sick and trace their contacts.

埃森曼：好。其一，指南并未提到病例数需要降到多低。同样，在那些成功控制疫情而未采取严厉社交距离措施的国家，人们的共识是，真正起到决定性作用的是让迅速反应小组能尽快识别感染者，追踪他们的密切接触者，对接触者进行检测，并根据需要进行隔离，基本上来说，就是在全新爆发前识别并制止病例再次增加。记住，病毒依然存在，我们绝大多数人仍然易受到感染。因此，公共卫生专家表示，在各州可以开放之前，他们必须确保有足够的能力检测所有感染者并追踪密切接触者。

MARTIN: But do the guidelines say anything about how states should ramp up testing?

马丁：指南有没有提到各州应如何加强检测？

AIZENMAN: I mean, the guidelines do note that states need to have this testing and contact tracing ability, but they don't tell states how to determine if they have enough. And at the press conference last night, officials basically just said that, oh, that's not going to be a problem. But NPR's reporting indicates that it is still a problem. State labs and hospitals are continually telling us they can't get enough chemical reagents, can't get enough swabs, machines are breaking down. It's not the case that everyone who needs to be tested can be. So, you know, by that measure, very few, if any, states are ready to open up.

埃森曼：指南确实指出，各州需要具备这种检测和接触者追踪能力，但并未告知各州如何确定它们的能力是否足够。官员在昨晚举行的记者上表示，哦，这不会成为问题。但NPR的报道表明，这依然是个问题。各州的实验室和医院不断告诉我们，他们无法获得足够的化学试剂，他们得不到足够的拭子，而且机器也出现了故障。并不是所有需要接受检测的人都可以进行检测。因此，按照这个标准来说，即使有，也只有很少的州为开放做好了准备。

MARTIN: NPR's global health correspondent Nurith Aizenman, thank you.

马丁：以上是NPR新闻的全球卫生记者纽里斯·埃森曼带来的报道，谢谢你。

AIZENMAN: You're welcome.

埃森曼：不客气。