英国卫报：独狼式恐怖分子的故事(9)（在线收听）

Few extremists remain without human contact, even if that contact is only found online.

很少有极端分子不与人接触，即使这种接触只能在网上找到。

Last year, a team at the University of Miami studied 196 pro-Isis groups operating on social media during the first eight months of 2015.

去年，迈阿密大学的一个团队研究了2015年前8个月在社交媒体上运作的196个亲伊斯兰教团体。

These groups had a combined total of more than 100,000 members.

这些团体的成员总数超过了10万人。

Researchers also found that pro-Isis individuals who were not in a group C who they dubbed online lone wolf actors C had either recently been in a group or soon went on to join one.

研究人员还发现，那些没有加入团体的亲伊斯兰教的人，他们称之为网上独狼演员，他们要么最近加入过一个团体，要么很快就加入了一个团体。

Any terrorist, however socially or physically isolated, is still part of a broader movement.

任何恐怖分子，无论在社会上或身体上如何孤立，都是更广泛运动的一部分。

The lengthy manifesto that Breivik published hours before he started killing drew heavily on a dense ecosystem of far-right blogs, websites and writers.

布雷维克在开始杀人前几小时发表的长篇宣言，大量借鉴了极右翼博客、网站和作家的密集生态系统。

His ideas on strategy drew directly from the leaderless resistance school of Beam and others.

他关于战略的想法直接借鉴了贝姆和其他人的无领导抵抗流派。

Even his musical tastes were shaped by his ideology.

甚至他的音乐品味也被他的意识形态所左右。

He was, for example, a fan of Saga, a Swedish white nationalist singer, whose lyrics include lines about The greatest race to ever walk the earth betrayed.

例如，他是瑞典白人民族主义歌手萨加（Saga）的粉丝，他的歌词包括 "有史以来最伟大的种族被背叛了"。

It is little different for Islamic militants, who emerge as often from the fertile and desperately depressing world of online jihadism C with its execution videos, mythologised history, selectively read religious texts and Photoshopped pictures of alleged atrocities against Muslims C as from organised groups that meet in person.

伊斯兰激进分子的情况几乎没有什么不同，他们经常从网上圣战主义的肥沃和令人绝望的世界中出现，其中有处决视频、神话化的历史、有选择地阅读宗教经文以及用Photoshop制作的所谓针对穆斯林的暴行图片，而这些都来自于有组织的团体。

Terrorist violence of all kinds is directed against specific targets.

所有类型的恐怖暴力都是针对特定目标的。

These are not selected at random, nor are such attacks the products of a fevered and irrational imagination operating in complete isolation.

这些目标不是随意选择的，这种攻击也不是完全孤立的狂热和非理性的想象力的产物。

Just like the old idea that a single organisation, al-Qaida, was responsible for all Islamic terrorism, the rise of the lone-wolf paradigm is convenient for many different actors.

就像以前认为基地组织是所有伊斯兰恐怖主义的罪魁祸首一样，“独狼”范式的兴起对许多不同的行为者来说都是方便的。

First, there are the terrorists themselves.

首先，是恐怖分子本身。

The notion that we are surrounded by anonymous lone wolves poised to strike at any time inspires fear and polarises the public.

我们周围都是匿名的独狼，随时准备发动袭击，这一概念激发了人们的恐惧，并使公众分化。

What could be more alarming and divisive than the idea that someone nearby C perhaps a colleague, a neighbour, a fellow commuter C might secretly be a lone wolf?

还有什么能比附近的某个人（也许是同事、邻居、同路人）可能秘密地成为独狼的想法更令人震惊和分裂的呢？

Terrorist groups also need to work constantly to motivate their activists.

恐怖组织也需要不断努力来激励他们的积极分子。

The idea of lone wolves invests murderous attackers with a special status, even glamour.

独狼的想法给杀人的攻击者赋予了特殊的地位，甚至是魅力。

Breivik, for instance, congratulated himself in his manifesto for becoming a self-financed and self-indoctrinated single individual attack cell.

例如，布雷维克在他的宣言中祝贺自己成为一个自筹资金和自我灌输的单人攻击小组。

Al-Qaida propaganda lauded the 2009 Fort Hood shooter as a pioneer, a trailblazer, and a role model who has opened a door, lit a path, and shown the way forward for every Muslim who finds himself among the unbelievers.

基地组织的宣传将2009年胡德堡的枪手称赞为先驱者、开拓者和榜样，他为每一个在不信教者中发现自己的穆斯林打开了一扇门，照亮了一条路，指明了前进的方向。

The lone-wolf paradigm can be helpful for security services and policymakers, too, since the public assumes that lone wolves are difficult to catch.

独狼模式对安全部门和政策制定者也有帮助，因为公众认为独狼是很难抓的。

This would be justified if the popular image of the lone wolf as a solitary actor was accurate.

如果独狼作为一个孤独的行为者的流行形象是准确的，这将是合理的。