[00:01.61]第19单元
[00:03.21]Modern agriculture
[00:04.94]现代农业
[00:06.66]Reading
[00:07.99]阅读
[00:09.33]MODERN AGRICULTURE
[00:11.05]现代农业
[00:12.77]For thousands of years traditional agriculture in China
[00:15.66]数千年来,中国传统的农业耕作方式
[00:18.55]did not change very much.
[00:20.32]变化不大.
[00:22.10]Most farms were one-family businesses.
[00:24.32]大多数的农田用单一化农作物的耕作模式.
[00:26.54]Although China is a very big country ,
[00:28.72]虽然中国幅员辽阔.
[00:30.90]only seven percent of the land can be used for farming.
[00:33.42]但仅有百分之七的土地适于耕种.
[00:35.94]It is on this arable land
[00:37.84]就是在仅有适于耕种的土地上.
[00:39.73]that the farmers produce food for the whole population of China.
[00:42.46]农民们为全中国的广大人口生产着粮食.
[00:45.19]Farmers in China have long used techniques such as
[00:47.82]中国的农民一直沿用技术诸如
[00:50.44]fertilization and irrigation to make their land produce more.
[00:53.52]施肥和灌溉等手段来提高土地产量.
[00:56.61]Over time,many farming techniques have been modernized:
[00:59.43]随着时间的推移,许多耕作技术已经现代化了.
[01:02.25]chemical fertilizers are now used and electric pumps are used in irrigation.
[01:05.72]如今使用化肥和电力灌溉
[01:09.20]To make as much use of the land as possible,
[01:11.58]为了最有效利用土地资源.
[01:13.95]two or more crops are planted each year where possible.
[01:16.89]可能的地方每年要种植两种或更多的农作物.
[01:19.83]Rice,cotton and vegetable seeds are sometimes grown in special seedbeds
[01:23.85]有时,大米,棉花和蔬菜种子要在苗床培育
[01:27.88]before they are planted in the fields.
[01:29.86]然后移栽到农田中
[01:31.85]This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season.
[01:35.48]这可以节省时间,让农民在每个季节里再种一茬作物.
[01:39.11]More advanced technical information was brought in from abroad in the 1980s.
[01:42.23]更先进的技术知识是从20世纪80年代,从国外引进.
[01:45.35]Import of technology and machines,
[01:47.39]科枝和机械的进口,
[01:49.43]and the international exchange of delegations
[01:51.95]以及国际间的交流
[01:54.47]have helped Chinese farmers improve their production.
[01:57.15]帮助中国农民增加了产量
[01:59.82]It was from the early 1990s
[02:01.90]从20世纪90年找初,
[02:03.98]that scientists started to develop new techniques
[02:06.25]科学家就开始开发新技术.
[02:08.52]to increase agricultural production
[02:10.65]农业增产
[02:12.78]without harming the environment.
[02:14.70]对环境无污染的
[02:16.62]Chemical fertilization,for example,
[02:18.80]例如,化肥
[02:20.98]help to produce better crops,but is harmful to the environment.
[02:23.80]有助于增产,但它对环境有害.
[02:26.63]New techniques should increase agricultural production
[02:29.26]新的技术必须既增加农业生产
[02:31.90]but also be friendly to the environment.
[02:33.87]又有益于环境.
[02:35.85]Future agriculture should depend on high technology
[02:38.63]未来的农业既必须依靠高科技
[02:41.41]as well as traditional methods.
[02:43.24]又要依靠传统的方式.
[02:45.07]Not only is food production important but also taking care of the environment.
[02:48.45]粮食生产是重要的但保护环境同样重要.
[02:51.83]The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage of arable land.
[02:54.85]目前,中国农民面临最大的问题是缺乏适于耕种的土地.
[02:57.87]Using the latest technologies,
[02:59.75]利用最新技术,
[03:01.63]Chinese scientists grow vegetables in greenhouses.
[03:04.06]中国科学家已能在温室种植蔬菜
[03:06.49]The roots of these vegetables are not planted in earth
[03:08.97]这些蔬菜不是植根于土
[03:11.45]but hang in water that contains all the nutrients they need to grow.
[03:14.27]而是吊挂在含有它们生长所需的各种营养水中.
[03:17.09]Today,many vegetables are not grown in gardens but in greenhouses
[03:20.58]如今,许多蔬菜不是生长在菜园里而是长在温室里.
[03:24.07]where they are protected from the wind,rain and insects.
[03:26.99]他们不受到风雨和害虫的侵袭
[03:29.92]The temperature is controlled with computers,
[03:32.35]温室里的温度由电脑控制,
[03:34.78]no matter how the weather is outsidea
[03:39.04]Another technique tries to create plants that produce more and bigger fruit.
[03:42.17]另外一项技术是试图开发能够结出更多更大水果植物
[03:45.31]In 1993,a kind of tomato was developed
[03:48.23]1993年,一种西红柿问世了
[03:51.16]that was very different from any grown before.
[03:53.39]那是与普通品种迥然不同的
[03:55.62]It was developed using a technique known as GM.
[03:58.20]它的开发靠的是一种叫做GM的技术.
[04:00.77]"G" stands for"genetically "from the word "genes".
[04:04.01]G代表"基因",源自"基因一词,
[04:07.25]"M" stands for"modified",which means "changed".
[04:10.36]"M"代表"变更"
[04:13.47]In other words,the way tomatoes grow from a natural seed is changed.
[04:16.74]换句话说,西红柿从自然种籽生长的方式改变了
[04:20.02]The new tomatoes are bigger and healthier.
[04:22.30]新的西红柿更大,更健康.
[04:24.57]They can grow without danger from diseases.
[04:26.79]这样的西红柿不会受到疾病的威胁.
[04:29.01]They also need much less time to get ripe.
[04:31.44]而且,它们生长成熟所需的时间要少得多.
[04:33.87]The tomato is one of nearly 4,500 different plants
[04:37.04]西红柿是大约4500个不同品种
[04:40.22]that are genetically modified.
[04:41.95]转基因植物中一例
[04:43.69]In China,about one hundred research stations
[04:46.37]在中国，有大约100个研究所
[04:49.04]are now doing GM research to make better tomatoes,cotton,tobacco,
[04:52.87]正在从事转基因的探索工作，以研制更好的西红柿，棉花烟草
[04:56.70]green peppers,flowers,watermelons,soybeans,fish and of course rice.
[05:01.37]青椒，花卉，西瓜，大豆，鱼，当然还有水稻。
[05:06.05]A variety of GM watermelons will be seedless
[05:08.62]有一种转基因的西瓜将是无籽的
[05:11.20]and there is GM rice sometimes called "golden rice",
[05:14.28]还有一种转基因水稻，有时称作“黄金水稻。
[05:17.36]which will have more vitamins and can grow in poor soil.
[05:20.18]它将富含维他命并可以在较为贫瘠的土豪中生长。
[05:23.00]INTEGRATING SKILLS
[05:26.94]综合技能
[05:30.87]Reading and writing
[05:32.34]读，写
[05:33.82]FARMING AND GARDENING
[05:35.65]农业和园艺业
[05:37.48]Agriculture has a long history in China.
[05:39.80]农业在中国有很长的历史.
[05:42.13]Much of the wisdom discovered by early Chinese scientists
[05:44.79]早期中国科学家积累的许多很多经验和知识
[05:47.45]is still useful for farmers and gardeners today.
[05:49.99]在今天仍然对农民和园艺工人很有裨益
[05:52.52]One of China's early agricultural scientists was Jia Sixie.
[05:55.45]贾思勰是中国最早的农业科学家之一
[05:58.37]Who lived in the sixth century AD.
[06:00.41]他生活在公元6世纪,
[06:02.45]He was born in Yidu,Shangdong Province.
[06:04.72]他出生在山东益都.
[06:06.99]He spent his time on research into agriculture.
[06:09.41]他毕生从事农业研究
[06:11.83]He collected information,studied it,
[06:14.24]他收集信息,研究资料,
[06:16.66]did experiments and learnt from the experiences of farmers.
[06:19.89]进行实验,并向农民学习取经.
[06:23.11]Around 540 AD,he wrote a book called Qimin Yaoshu.
[06:26.30]公元540年左右,他写了一本叫做《齐民要术》的书,
[06:29.49]The book is about both farming and gardening.
[06:31.81]这本书谈耕作和园艺
[06:34.14]It includes advice on the following subjects:
[06:36.56]它包含对以下课题的提议:
[06:38.99]growing green vegetables and fruit trees,
[06:41.42]蔬菜果树的栽培,
[06:43.85]keeping cows,sheep and fish in lakes.
[06:46.58]牛羊的饲养,湖泊养鱼
[06:49.31]There are also instructions for making wine.
[06:51.49]书中还说明了如何酿酒.
[06:53.68]For centuries after Jia Sixie died,
[06:56.39]在贾思勰去世后的许多世纪中,
[06:59.11]his book was studied by Chinese farmers and students of farming.
[07:02.19]在国农民和农业专业的学生还在学习他的这本书.
[07:05.27]Jia Sixie's book is a practical guide to farming.
[07:07.94]贾思勰的书是耕作的实用指南.
[07:10.60]Firstly,as a farmer you should do things at the right time of the year.
[07:13.87]首先,作为农民,应该不违农时.
[07:17.13]If you sow seeds and grow young plants in the fields at the correct time of the year,
[07:20.71]如果你播种和育苗都很适时
[07:24.29]your work will be less and the results will be better.
[07:26.88]你就会花的劳动少而收效大.
[07:29.46]But if you go against the nature
[07:31.34]但是如果你违反自然法则
[07:33.22]and do things atthe wrong time of the year,
[07:35.25]不适时耕作,
[07:37.27]you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
[07:40.15]你就费力大而且收获少.
[07:43.02]The condition of the soil is also very important.
[07:45.59]土壤的条件也很重要.
[07:48.17]Examine the soil on your farm carefully.
[07:50.44]仔细观察土壤.
[07:52.71]If the condition of your soil is not good,you should improve it.
[07:55.74]如果土壤条件不好,你就应当改良它
[07:58.77]Before sowing or planting crops,
[08:00.81]在播种庄稼之前,
[08:02.85]rough ground must be cleaned and weeds removed.
[08:05.72]先平整土地,清除杂草
[08:08.59]Let sheep or cows walk on the land.
[08:10.97]让牛羊在地里走过.
[08:13.35]The animals will destroy the weeds or eat them.
[08:15.62]牛羊会把杂草踩死或吃掉
[08:17.89]The land should also be ploughed,so weeds are destroyed.
[08:21.07]还应当用犁耕地,以除杂草.
[08:24.24]When you plough the soil,
[08:25.91]耕地时,
[08:27.59]plough deep the first time and less deep the second time.
[08:30.51]第一次要深耕,第二次要浅耕.
[08:33.44]So the autumn ploughing should be deeper than the spring ploughing.
[08:36.08]因此秋耕要比春耕深
[08:38.71]The best harvest is reached when farmers change the crops in their fields.
[08:42.19]当农民变换地里的作物时,就会获得好收成.
[08:45.66]For example,do not plant rice year after year in the same field.
[08:49.04]例如,不要年复一年地在同一块地里种稻谷.
[08:52.43]But if you plant rice in a field one year
[08:54.79]如果在一块地里一年种稻谷
[08:57.16]and wheat in the field the next year,you will harvest good crops.
[09:00.13]第二年种小麦,你就会获得好收成.
[09:03.11]Other scientists
[09:04.64]别的科学家
[09:06.17]said that wheat should be planted with space between the plants,
[09:09.05]说小麦栽培株距应当大些
[09:11.94]but Jia did experiments and showed that planting wheat close together is better.
[09:15.27]然而.贾思勰作了实验,证明小麦种得密一点更好.
[09:18.60]He also said that it is good to grow different plants
[09:21.38]他也说种不同的植物效果好
[09:24.17]next to each other in the same field.
[09:26.14]在同一块地
[09:28.11]Work book
[09:31.85]练习
[09:35.58]Unit 19
[09:37.11]第19单元
[09:38.64]Modern agriculture
[09:40.31]现代农业
[09:41.98]Integrating skills
[09:43.67]综合技能
[09:45.35]Reading
[09:46.63]阅读
[09:47.91]Greeting the hills
[09:51.36]The village people of Zhuozuo in Southwest China love their trees.
[09:54.63]中国西南部Zhuozuo村的人民喜欢他们的树
[09:57.89]Trees grow everywhere on all the hills around the village.
[10:00.97]这村子周围山上每个地方都种了树
[10:04.06]Even in the village itself,young trees are growing.All of this is new.
[10:07.97]甚至村庄本身,小树在正在生长.全部都是刚种的.
[10:11.89]In the past there were no trees left in or around the village.
[10:15.28]在过去,这村庄周围没有一棵树留下
[10:18.66]Trees were cut down,but none were planted.
[10:21.32]这些树都被砍掉了,并没有人去种植
[10:23.99]When it rained,the soil was washed away down the hills and into the rivers.
[10:28.21]当下雨时,山上的泥土被冲到河里去了
[10:32.42]As a result of this,there may be problems,
[10:35.39]结果,这里出现了许多问题
[10:38.35]such as floods,sand storms or droughts.
[10:40.99]譬如,水灾,沙尘暴或干旱
[10:43.63]The time has come to repair the damage that was done to the environment.
[10:46.96]这次是为了补救他们对环境的毁坏
[10:50.29]That does not always have to be difficult or expensive.
[10:53.07]不能总是那样做,那是很困难并发费很大.
[10:55.86]Hu Meiying from Zhuozuo village in Guizhou Province,
[10:58.89]来自贵州省Zhuozuo村的胡美英
[11:01.92]realised that the environment was damaged
[11:04.25]他意识到环境遭到破坏
[11:06.59]because farmers had been cutting down too many trees.
[11:09.52]因为农民砍下了太多树木
[11:12.44]Cutting down trees and selling the wood
[11:14.66]贫困的农民砍下树并出售木头
[11:16.89]was the only way for poor farmers to make some money and feed their families.
[11:20.41]只是为了赚些钱来养家扶口
[11:23.94]Meiying decided to take 3.2 hectares of land and planted pear trees and tea.
[11:28.26]美英决定用3.2公顷的田土来种植梨树和茶树
[11:32.58]After about three years,her work planting trees
[11:35.51]几年过后,她种植树木的工作
[11:38.44]had turned barren land green again.
[11:40.66]使这荒地再次变绿
[11:42.88]She then organised 263 neighbours,all women from the villages around,
[11:46.90]她组织263位邻居,这村庄所有的妇女
[11:50.92]to do the same.
[11:52.50]来种植树木
[11:54.08]They planted over 130,000 trees.
[11:56.92]她们种了130,000棵树.
[11:59.75]Meiying held village meetings and explained to the people
[12:02.78]美英举行了村委会向人们解释
[12:05.81]how important it is to take care of the woods.
[12:08.19]保护树木的重要性
[12:10.57]People are not allowed to cut down trees when they are still small.
[12:13.53]当这些树很少时,不允许砍它们
[12:16.50]Everyone obeys the rules.
[12:18.39]每天都尊守这规则
[12:20.28]As a result,all the hills surrounding their village
[12:23.01]结果,他们村子周围的山上
[12:25.74]are now covered with green trees.
[12:27.93]现在全部被绿树覆盖了
[12:30.11]To the villagers'great joy,
[12:32.03]这对村民们来说是很开心的乐事
[12:33.95]the tree and tea crops are also bringing in money to them.
[12:39.17]这树上的果实,茶叶也给他们赚了很多钱 |