As a matter of custom and practical advantage the senators were elected from the nobility. But their power had been strictly defined. 遵照习俗并出于现实的考虑，元老们通常选自贵族阶层，可他们的权力同时也受到极其严格...
The Roman Gods were State Functionaries. Each one managed his own department with great prudence and a deep sense of justice, but in turn he was exact in demanding the obedience of his worshippers. This obedience the Romans rendered with scrupulous c...
Our best guess is that the Etruscans came originally from Asia Minor and that a great war or a pestilence in that country had forced them to go away and seek a new home elsewhere. Whatever the reason for their coming, the Etruscans played a great r?l...
Rome began as a thousand American cities have done, by being a convenient place for barter and horse-trading. It lay in the heart of the plains of central Italy The Tiber provided direct access to the sea. The land-road from north to south found here...
Carthage could not possibly tolerate such competition. The young rival must be destroyed lest the Carthaginian rulers lose their prestige as the absolute rulers of the western Mediterranean. The rumors were duly investigated and in a general way thes...
As the years went by the influence of Carthage upon her neighbours increased until the greater part of the African coast, Spain and certain regions of France were Carthaginian possessions, and paid tribute, taxes and dividends to the mighty city on t...
Chapter 22 第二十二章 Rome and Carthage 罗马和迦太基 The Semitic colony of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa and the indo-European city of Rome on the west coast of Italy fought each other for the possession of the Western Mediterra...
When you look at the map you will see how by this time civilisation has described a semi-circle. It begins in Egypt, and by way of Mesopotamia and the Aegean Islands it moves westward until it reaches the European continent. The first four thousand y...
Not only did these hardy people manage to exist through the long cold spells which killed many ferocious animals, but when the earth became warm and comfortable once more,prehistoric man had learned a number of things which gave him such great advant...
Chapter 21 第21章 A Summary 总结 A short Summary of Chapters 1 to 20 有关文明起源的小结 Thus far, from the top of our high tower we have been looking eastward. But from this time on, the history of Egypt and Mesopotamia is going to grow...
