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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
What is China ?
The People's Republic of China,commonly known as China,is located in east Asia, and borders 14 nations or any other county in the world.
It is the most populous1 state in the world with a 1.3 billion citizens,while the world's population is 6.8 billion.That means other every 5 people in the world,one is Chinese.
China's made of 56 distinctive(显著的，特殊的) ethnic2 groups(民族)with Han Chinese making the 92% of its whole population.
China is a single party state govemed by the Communist Party of China,whose power is enshrined in Chinese constitution.
Though China is officially an atheist3 country,its religious roots lie within Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism,and from these most social and moral values are derived(衍生，起源_).There are also a significant number of Chinese Muslims,who arrived via the silk road trade route and still retain (保持，保留)their distinct culture.
History
China is one of the world oldest civilizations,dating back more than 5 million year and was ruled by successive(持续的) dynasties until 1912.
During these time,many great discoveries in tields(领域) of science and technology were made,including the inventions of printing,paper,gun power and compass.
This period also saw the construction of many landmarks4 such as the great wall which streches(延伸，扩展)over 4000 miles,equals to 30 return travels from London to Paris.
After a period of foreign occupation and civil war(内战),the Communist Party of China led by Mao gained control of mainland China in 1949 and established PRC.
The modern China of today is as much shaped by its past as its rapidly looking to the future.While many of its big cities are comparable to(类似) any in the wast,the underlying5 culture is still vastly different.Traveling outside large urban areas also highlights(使显著) the growing disparity between rich and poor(贫富差距).
Language
Chinese which is the most widely spoken language in the world as well as one of the most impenetrable(难以理解的)for foreigners.There are many regional dialects of Chinese although the most widely spoken is Mandarin(普通话) and Cantonese(粤语).
Chinese characters(汉字) evolved over time from earlier forms of hieroglyphs(象形文字). Chinese contains over 40,000 characters,but a well-educated person can recongnize around 6000 characters,some 3000 are required to read a newspaper.
Chinese calendar
Chinese Zodiac(十二宫图)'s a scheme(计划、方案) that relates each year to an animal.This is the year of the rabbit.
Chinese new year is the most important of traditional Chinese holidays.Windows and doors will be decorated with red color paper-cuts(剪纸) and couplets with popular themes of happiness,wealth,and longevity(长寿).On the Eve of Chinese New Year,supper is a feast with families.The family will end the night with firecrackers.Early the next morning,children will meet their parents by wishing them a healthy and happy new year,and receive money in red paper envelops6
Chinese people love red color,which symbolizes7 prosperity(繁荣) and good luck.
The period around Chinese new year is also the time of the largest human migration8 and between 150 and 200 million migrant workers(农民工) in China bring home their earnings9 and go to have a unit dinner with their families on Chinese new year eve.
Youth
Most married couples in China are subjected to one child policy,which is introduced in 1979 to curb(控制) massive(大量的)population growth.It is believed to have prevented more than 300 million births since then.
Another consequence of the policy has been the emergence(出现) of so called "little emperors",a generation of self-centered consumers has developed.
While Chinese education system has rapidly developed,there remains10 a heavy emphasis(重点) on passing exams.The upshot of this is that exams dictate11 the curriculum(课程) while Chinese students can master and memorize incredible amounts of knowledge and information,they often lack the ability to critically think,develop their own opinions,and engage in creative activities.(批判思维，独立思考和创新能力).
Due to the propensity12 for preferring sons over daughters,China is facing a large population imbalance with currently around 120 boys born for every 100 girls.By 2020,there will be 30 million more men than women.
Economy
Since economic opening up and reform policy began in 1978,China's economy has grown 90 times bigger,and is the fastest growing major economy in the world.China's annual average GDP growth is predicted to be 9.5 percent for the period of 2011-2015.It is the world's largest exporter and the second largest importer of goods.
It is also known as the world's second biggest consumer of luxury goods.
It now has the world's second largest GDP at about 6 trillion US dollars,40 percent of the United States.Aothough its per capita income a 4300 US dollar is still low,and purs the China behind roughly a hundred countries.
China's growth has been uneven(不均衡) when comparing different geographic13 regions and rural and urban areas.Development has also been mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal14 regions,while the remainder of this country are left behind.
In the past decade,Chinese cities expanded at an average rate of 10 percent annually,a scale unprecedented15 in human history.
China is a country crazy for skyscrapers16 to show its economic booming.More than 200 skyscrapers are being built now.Within next 3 years,there will be one skyscrapers completed every five days in China,which will make the total 800 in five years in time,4 times as many in the States.
China is the world's factory.One out of every three household appliances(家电)/three toys/two pairs of shoes/two shirts are made in China.It has now become the world''s largest energy consumer,but relies on coal to supply about 70 percent of energy needs.Leading Chinese environmental campaigners have warned that water pollution is one of the most serious threats facing China now.Yet with 34.6 billion US dollars invested in clean technology in 2009,China is the world's leading investor17 renewable energy technologies.China produces more wind turbines and solar panels(太阳能电池板) each year than any other country in the world.
Food
Being such a large and ethnically(独特的) diverse country,each region has its own local specialties18 which the Chinese are often keen to try and introduce to others.Generally you will find hot and spicy19 food in the western and central China and cooler food in the south and north.
A Chinese dining table is usually round allowing everyone to engage equally in conversation.It will be ser with empty bowls,plates,and chopsticks for each person,food dishes are placed into the center of the table to be shared between everyone.Don't be pur off(惊讶) if you see people spitting bones/seeds onto the plate,this is perfectly20 normal.
Contrary to what you might find in your local China Town,Chinese food is generally healthy and often beautifully presented.Texture,flavor,color,and aroma21 are key considerations for all Chinese cooks,even above nutritional22 contents.
Chinese dining is about showing respect and hospitality(热情) for the guests,and is often used as an extension of the boardroom.
Heavy drinking is often a part of doing business,and it is expected that you'll keep up with others.If you do not want to drink alcohol,make it clear before you start.
Core concepts
Face Mianzi
The concept of "face" can be loosely described as someone's social status or reputation in the eyes of others.Throughout a Chinese person's life it must be maintained and enhanced through giving to and receiving from others in both words and actions.It may be something as small as who gets in the lift first to the awarding of multi-million dollar contracts.But without it you will have very little power or influence.
To make someone lose face or even unknowingly is a huge dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship.
Connections Guanxi
Guanxi literally(字面上) means "connections" or "relationships" as it essentially(本质上) boils down to exchanging favors."You scratch my back,I'll scratch yours."It can loosely be compared with the idea networking in the west,but usually goes much further in terms of developing and nurturing23 the relationship through social exchanges and favors which must be repaid at greater value in time.
Relationships between family,friends and business associates are often closely interwoven.In such an environment,issues of corruption(贪污) are not uncommon24 when guanxi obligations(义务，责任) take precedence over normal rules or laws.
Known as the Doctrine of the Mean or Golden Mean this concept(观念) involves balancing one's position among a group to maintain conformity26 and a sense of harmony.To this while still achiceing ones personal objectives is considered the Chinese people the idea way of living.This can be applied27 to the workplace,where one should behave in a way which is seen to be beither ambitious nor lazy at the same time.
Chinese people never openly criticize,ignore or make fun of a person in front of others,even jokingly.When discussing individual performance,they always emphasize good point before bad ones.
Chinese may ask you personal questions or make observations about your age,income,religion or appearance.Don't take it personally.Likewise Chinese rarely say "please" or "thanke you" as this is seen as unnecessary formality between friends or family.
In the Chinese meeting,often only the most senior attendees will talk and all questions should be directed to those people.Silence is not a sign of weakness in China.Often the unsaid message is more important than what is being said verbally.
To be successful in China requires different ways of thinking.A chinese historian Professor puts this way:Chinese people are frank yet tactful(耿直却又圆滑),honest yet sophisticated(坦诚却又世故),suspicious yet gullible(多疑却又轻信),unscrupulous yet loyal(讲实惠却又重义气),advocate etiquette28 yet often appear unmannered,stand for the golden mean yet are extreme,value the quality of being thrifty(节俭) yet like to parade their wealth,maintain traditions when convenient yet love to chase modern fashion,believe contentment brings happiness yet often daydream29 about becoming overnight millionaires,believe the word of fortune yet lack affiliation30 to any religion.
This is China,one big contradiction which refuses to be placed in a box. In China you will find all extremes but that's all part of the challenge and adventure of doing business here. Be patient and have fun.
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1
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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ethnic
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| adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的 | |
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atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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envelops
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的第三人称单数 ) | |
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symbolizes
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| v.象征，作为…的象征( symbolize的第三人称单数 ) | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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geographic
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| adj.地理学的，地理的 | |
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coastal
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| adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的 | |
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unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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skyscrapers
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| n.摩天大楼 | |
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investor
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| n.投资者，投资人 | |
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specialties
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| n.专门，特性，特别；专业( specialty的名词复数 )；特性；特制品；盖印的契约 | |
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spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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aroma
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| n.香气，芬芳，芳香 | |
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nutritional
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| adj.营养的，滋养的 | |
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nurturing
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| 养育( nurture的现在分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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daydream
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| v.做白日梦，幻想 | |
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affiliation
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| n.联系，联合 | |
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