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Scientists Estimate the Ant Population on Earth

Researchers have made the most in-depth estimate yet of the world's ant population. The total number of these resourceful insects was estimated to be 20 quadrillion.

A quadrillion is expressed with a one, followed by 15 zeros. The estimate means that there are about 2.5 million ants on Earth for every human.

Ants have been on the planet since the dinosaur¹ age. The oldest-known ant fossil dates back about 100 million years to the Cretaceous Period. 

There are more than 12,000 known species of ants. Generally, the insects are black, brown or red, with bodies divided into three parts. They range in size from about 1 millimeter to 3 centimeters long. They like living in soil and attaching themselves to plants.

Patrick Schultheiss is an insect expert with the University of Würzburg in Germany and the University of Hong Kong. He was the co-writer of a study that describes the estimate in the publication Proceedings² of the National Academy of Sciences.

Schultheiss told Reuters that ants play a very important part in almost every ecosystem³ on Earth. For example, they aid in the cycling and breaking down process of plants. They help to spread seeds and soil. "But most of all, it is their high abundance that makes them key ecological⁴ players," Schultheiss said.

Ants – whose closest relatives are bees and wasps⁵ – are native to nearly everywhere on Earth, except for Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland and some island nations.

"I was amazed that the ants' biomass was higher than that of wild mammals and birds combined," said Sabine Nooten, another lead researcher. She noted⁶ that the insects' biomass reaches 20 percent of the human biomass. That, she said, shows the importance of their influence in nature.

The scientists based their research on 489 studies of ant populations across the continents where they live.

"Our dataset represents a massive collecting effort of thousands of scientists," Schultheiss said. He added that the team used the data to estimate the number of ants for different areas of the world as well as the total worldwide number and biomass.

Most ants were estimated to live in the hottest and wettest parts of the world. Forest environments and dry areas had larger populations than cities.

"There are certain parts of the world where we have little data and we cannot reach reliable estimates for all continents," Schultheiss said. Africa is one such example. "We have long known that it is a very ant-rich continent but also very under-studied," he added.

Ants generally live in colonies, some of which include millions of insects. They are divided into groups with different jobs, such as workers, soldiers and queens. The workers, all females, care for the bigger queen and her babies. They also take care of the nest and search for food. Males mate with the queens, then die.

Schultheiss said that while humans might find ants "annoying," there are many reasons we should be thankful for their existence.

"Think about the amount of organic matter that 20 quadrillion ants transport, remove, recycle and eat," he said. In fact, Schultheiss said ants are so necessary for a series of biological processes that they can be seen as ecosystem engineers. He noted that the late ant scientist E.O. Wilson once called the insects 'the little things that run the world.'

Words in This Story

fossil – n. something (such as a leaf, skeleton, or footprint) that is from a plant or animal which lived in ancient times and that you can see in some rocks

species – n. a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants

ecosystem – n. everything that exists in a particular environment

abundance – n. a large amount of something

biomass – n. dead plant and animal material

reliable – adj. able to be depended upon to do something

annoying – adj. making a person feel slightly angry of irritated