VOA标准英语2014--包皮环切术不会增大潜在风险

 

Circumcision Does Not Promote Risky¹ Behavior 包皮环切术不会增大潜在风险

A new study that could boost HIV prevention efforts says African men do not engage in riskier² sexual behavior after being circumcised. Research has shown that circumcision can greatly reduce men’s risk of being infected with the AIDS virus. The study’s been released as the 20th International AIDS Conference opens in Melbourne, Australia.

The study was done in Kenya’s Nyanza Province, a region where male circumcision is not common. Nelli Westercamp is the study’s principle investigator³ and lead author and affiliated⁴ with the University of Illinois at Chicago.

She said, “The connection between male circumcision and HIV has been detected in a number of observational studies since [the] 1990s. However, the scientific inquiry⁵ on this topic culminated⁶ when three clinical control trials in Kenya, Uganda and South Africa found that male circumcision reduces the risk of female to male transmission by about 60-percent.”

Despite the risk reduction, Westercamp said male circumcision should not be used alone to prevent HIV infection.

“It’s supposed to be implemented⁷ as a package of interventions⁸ altogether – male circumcision, condom promotion⁹, HIV testing and counseling and so on,” she said.

Some feared that if circumcision was promoted as a prevention measure, circumcised men might think it was all right to engage in risky sexual behavior.

Westercamp said, “If men who become circumcised believe that they are fully¹⁰ protected against HIV, and engage in higher sexual risk taking behaviors as a result of this belief, this could reduce or even negate¹¹ the protective effect of male circumcision against HIV.”

Between 2008 and 2010, nearly 3200 uncircumcised men from Nyanza Province took part in the study. Half underwent medical circumcision, while the other half did not. At the beginning of the study, those who chose to have the procedure actually thought they would be at a greater risk of infection than those who chose not to have it done. That perception declined significantly over time.

Researchers then monitored the participants. Westercamp said fears of increased risky sexual behavior among circumcised men were unfounded.

“Looking at sexual behaviors, we saw that the overall level of sexual activity increased equally in both groups – mostly driven by the youngest age group. That’s 18 to 24 year olds. However, despite this decrease in the risk perception among circumcised men – and an increase in sexual activity in both groups – all other risk behaviors decreased in both groups. And some protective behaviors -- such as condom use -- increased, particularly among circumcised men,” she said.

Westercamp said, “Countries that have been holding back on implementing¹² medical circumcision programs…should have no concerns about scaling-up those programs.”

1 risky   

adj.有风险的，冒险的

参考例句：

• It may be risky but we will chance it anyhow.这可能有危险，但我们无论如何要冒一冒险。
• He is well aware how risky this investment is.他心里对这项投资的风险十分清楚。

2 riskier   

冒险的，危险的( risky的比较级 )

参考例句：

• Now they are starting to demand higher returns on riskier assets. 而今他们开始在风险更高的资产上要求更高的回报。
• The problem with that: RIM's business is getting riskier every quarter. 不过问题也随之而来：RIM面临的业务风险正逐季增大。

3 investigator   

n.研究者，调查者，审查者

参考例句：

• He was a special investigator for the FBI.他是联邦调查局的特别调查员。
• The investigator was able to deduce the crime and find the criminal.调查者能够推出犯罪过程并锁定罪犯。

4 affiliated   

adj. 附属的, 有关连的

参考例句：

• The hospital is affiliated with the local university. 这家医院附属于当地大学。
• All affiliated members can vote. 所有隶属成员都有投票权。

5 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

6 culminated   

v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers 一场造成两名警察死亡的枪战
• The gala culminated in a firework display. 晚会以大放烟火告终。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

8 interventions   

n.介入，干涉，干预( intervention的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
• The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网

9 promotion   

n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传

参考例句：

• The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
• The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级，加了薪。

10 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

11 negate   

vt.否定，否认；取消，使无效

参考例句：

• Our actions often negate our principles.我们的行为时常与我们所信奉的原则背道而弛。
• Mass advertising could negate the classical theory of supply and demand.大宗广告可以否定古典经济学的供求理论。

12 implementing   

v.实现( implement的现在分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
• He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句