过去完成时

　　----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had¹ +过去分词构成。

　　那时以前　 那时　现在

　　2） 用法

　　a.　在told, said², knew, heard, thought³等动词后的宾语从句。

　　She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

　　b. 状语从句

　　在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

　　When the police⁴ arrived, the thieves⁵ had run away.

　　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope⁶, wish, expect⁷, think, intend⁸, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

　　We had hoped⁹ that you would¹⁰ come, but you didn't.

　　3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until¹¹ , when, after, once, as¹² soon as。

　　He said that he had learned¹³ some English before.

　　By the time he was¹⁴ twelve, Edison had began to make a living¹⁵ by himself¹⁶.

　　Tom was disappointed¹⁷ that most of the guests¹⁸ had left when he arrived at the party.

　　典型例题

　　The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

　　A. had written, left　B，were writing¹⁹, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left

　　答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此

　　前一句应用过去进行时。

　　注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……

　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……

　　He had no sooner bought the car than he sold²⁰ it.

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