2021年经济学人 美国遇史上最严重黑客入侵,幕后黑手系俄罗斯?(2)

The campaign showed “top-tier operational tradecraft”, says FireEye, a cyber-security firm that was itself a victim. Orion’s ubiquity explains why so many organisations were affected¹. SolarWinds says that “fewer than 18,000” customers may have been struck, though most would have been collateral² damage.

网络安全公司火眼(FireEye)称，此次运动展示了“顶级的谍务操作技术”，而火眼本身就是此次运动的受害者。Orion软件的普及性解释了为什么有这么多组织受到影响。SolarWinds公司表示，“不到1.8万”的客户可能会受到影响，尽管大多数都是受到附带损害。

America’s ability to muster³ a response is unlikely to be helped by President Donald Trump’s dismissal, on November17th, of Chris Krebs, the head of the Cyber-security and Infrastructure⁴ Security Agency (CISA), for publicly affirming the integrity of the presidential election. CISA has struggled to cope with the onslaught.

11月17日，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普辞退了克里斯·克雷布斯，这不太可能有助于美国做出回应。克里斯·克雷布斯是美国网络安全和基础设施安全局（CISA）局长，他因公开肯定了总统选举的公正性而遭到解雇。网络安全和基础设施安全局一直在努力应对解雇带来的冲击。

Over the past decade, America has tended to categorise and respond to cyber-attacks according to their aims. It regarded intrusions intended to steal secrets—in other words, old-fashioned espionage⁵—as fair game, not least because its own National Security Agency (NSA) is a prolific⁶ thief. After China stole 22m security-clearance records from America’s Office of Personnel Management (OPM) in 2015, Michael Hayden, a former NSA chief, conceded that it was “honourable espionage work”. In contrast, attacks intended to cause harm, like North Korea’s assault on Sony Pictures in 2014, or those with commercial aims, like China’s theft of industrial secrets, were thought to cross a line. America has accordingly indicted⁷ and imposed sanctions on scores of Russian, Chinese, North Korean and Iranian hackers⁸.

在过去十年中，美国倾向于根据网络攻击的目的对其进行分类和回应。美国把企图窃取机密的入侵（换句话说是老式的间谍活动）视为公平的游戏，尤其是因为美国国家安全局（NSA）恰是一个多产的惯犯。2015年，中国从美国人事管理办公室（OPM）窃取了2200万份安全许可记录后，美国国家安全局前局长迈克尔·海登承认，这是“光荣的间谍活动”。相比之下，意图造成伤害的黑客攻击，比如朝鲜2014年对索尼影业的攻击，或者那些具有商业目的的黑客攻击，比如中国窃取工业机密，这样的入侵活动都被认为是越界的。因此，美国起诉并制裁了数十名俄罗斯、中国、朝鲜和伊朗的黑客。

1 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

2 collateral   

adj.平行的；旁系的；n.担保品

参考例句：

• Many people use personal assets as collateral for small business loans.很多人把个人财产用作小额商业贷款的抵押品。
• Most people here cannot borrow from banks because they lack collateral.由于拿不出东西作为抵押，这里大部分人无法从银行贷款。

3 muster   

v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册

参考例句：

• Go and muster all the men you can find.去集合所有你能找到的人。
• I had to muster my courage up to ask him that question.我必须鼓起勇气向他问那个问题。

4 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

5 espionage   

n.间谍行为，谍报活动

参考例句：

• The authorities have arrested several people suspected of espionage.官方已经逮捕了几个涉嫌从事间谍活动的人。
• Neither was there any hint of espionage in Hanley's early life.汉利的早期生活也毫无进行间谍活动的迹象。

6 prolific   

adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的

参考例句：

• She is a prolific writer of novels and short stories.她是一位多产的作家，写了很多小说和短篇故事。
• The last few pages of the document are prolific of mistakes.这个文件的最后几页错误很多。

7 indicted   

控告，起诉( indict的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The senator was indicted for murder. 那位参议员被控犯谋杀罪。
• He was indicted by a grand jury on two counts of murder. 他被大陪审团以两项谋杀罪名起诉。

8 hackers   

n.计算机迷( hacker的名词复数 )；私自存取或篡改电脑资料者，电脑“黑客”

参考例句：

• They think of viruses that infect an organization from the outside.They envision hackers breaking into their information vaults. 他们考虑来自外部的感染公司的病毒，他们设想黑客侵入到信息宝库中。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Arranging a meeting with the hackers took weeks againoff-again email exchanges. 通过几星期电子邮件往来安排见面，他们最终同意了。 来自互联网